NFDN 2006 Final Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 Graded A+
Population Health - Answers Focused practice directs community health nursing practice; in contrast to
individual-focused health care, it emphasizes reducing the health inequities of a defined population or
aggregate.
12 Determinants of Health - Answers 1) Income and social status
2) Employment/working conditions
3) Education and literacy
4) Childhood experiences
5) Physical environments
6) Social supports and coping skills
7) Healthy behaviors
8) Access to health services
9) Biology and genetic endowment
10) Gender
11) Culture
12) Race/racism
Social Determinants of Health Meaning - Answers They are the social conditions and broader forces that
interact to influence risks to health and well-being and affect how vulnerable or resilient people are to
disease and injury.
Social Justice - Answers "The fair distribution of society's benefits, responsibilities and their
consequences. It focuses on the relative position of one social group in relationship to others in society
as well as on the root causes of disparities and what can be done to eliminate them".
Working for social justice as a CHN involves two guiding principles: recognizing inequities and taking
action to eliminate them
Primary Health Care - Answers The medical model which focus' on treatment and cure in institutions,
was the most commonly used model in health care.
, The Lalonde Report (1974) started the shift in thinking toward a population health promotion approach
that considered factors in influencing health, such as lifestyle.
Primary Care - Answers Refers to the first contact between individuals and the health care system.
Principals of Primary Health Care - Answers Accessibility, Health Promotion, Public Participation,
Appropriate Technology, Intersectoral Collaboration (which emphasizes the integration of health
development with social and economic development. Intersectoral collaboration involves different
professionals across sectors working together to identify and develop sustainable health programs
supported by policy).
Public Health - Answers An organized activity of society to promote, protect, improve, and when
necessary restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population.
6 Areas of Public Nursing - Answers 1) Health Protection
2) Health Promotion
3) Population Health Assessment
4) Health Surveillance
5) Disease and Injury Prevention
6) Emergency Preparedness and Response
Public Health Nursing - Answers Is community health nursing with distinct focus and scope of practice.
Upstream Thinking - Answers Looks beyond the individual to take a macroscopic, big-picture population
focus. It also includes a primary prevention perspective and is a population health approach. At this
level, CHNs ask, "How can we change the 'causes of the causes,' or the conditions that set up the
conditions for the illness or injury?"
Midstream Thinking - Answers Addresses the micro policy level: regional, local, community, or
organizational. At this level, CHNs ask, "How can we change the causes of the illness or injury?"
Downstream Thinking - Answers Refers to taking an individual curative focus, a view that does not
consider economic, sociopolitical, and environmental factors. At this level, CHNs ask, "How can the
illness and its consequences be treated?"
Primary Prevention - Answers Activities seek to prevent the occurrence of a disease (based on the
natural history of a disease) or an injury.
Secondary Prevention - Answers Activities seek to detect a disease early in its progression (early
pathogenesis), before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent, to make a diagnosis and begin
treatment.
Population Health - Answers Focused practice directs community health nursing practice; in contrast to
individual-focused health care, it emphasizes reducing the health inequities of a defined population or
aggregate.
12 Determinants of Health - Answers 1) Income and social status
2) Employment/working conditions
3) Education and literacy
4) Childhood experiences
5) Physical environments
6) Social supports and coping skills
7) Healthy behaviors
8) Access to health services
9) Biology and genetic endowment
10) Gender
11) Culture
12) Race/racism
Social Determinants of Health Meaning - Answers They are the social conditions and broader forces that
interact to influence risks to health and well-being and affect how vulnerable or resilient people are to
disease and injury.
Social Justice - Answers "The fair distribution of society's benefits, responsibilities and their
consequences. It focuses on the relative position of one social group in relationship to others in society
as well as on the root causes of disparities and what can be done to eliminate them".
Working for social justice as a CHN involves two guiding principles: recognizing inequities and taking
action to eliminate them
Primary Health Care - Answers The medical model which focus' on treatment and cure in institutions,
was the most commonly used model in health care.
, The Lalonde Report (1974) started the shift in thinking toward a population health promotion approach
that considered factors in influencing health, such as lifestyle.
Primary Care - Answers Refers to the first contact between individuals and the health care system.
Principals of Primary Health Care - Answers Accessibility, Health Promotion, Public Participation,
Appropriate Technology, Intersectoral Collaboration (which emphasizes the integration of health
development with social and economic development. Intersectoral collaboration involves different
professionals across sectors working together to identify and develop sustainable health programs
supported by policy).
Public Health - Answers An organized activity of society to promote, protect, improve, and when
necessary restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population.
6 Areas of Public Nursing - Answers 1) Health Protection
2) Health Promotion
3) Population Health Assessment
4) Health Surveillance
5) Disease and Injury Prevention
6) Emergency Preparedness and Response
Public Health Nursing - Answers Is community health nursing with distinct focus and scope of practice.
Upstream Thinking - Answers Looks beyond the individual to take a macroscopic, big-picture population
focus. It also includes a primary prevention perspective and is a population health approach. At this
level, CHNs ask, "How can we change the 'causes of the causes,' or the conditions that set up the
conditions for the illness or injury?"
Midstream Thinking - Answers Addresses the micro policy level: regional, local, community, or
organizational. At this level, CHNs ask, "How can we change the causes of the illness or injury?"
Downstream Thinking - Answers Refers to taking an individual curative focus, a view that does not
consider economic, sociopolitical, and environmental factors. At this level, CHNs ask, "How can the
illness and its consequences be treated?"
Primary Prevention - Answers Activities seek to prevent the occurrence of a disease (based on the
natural history of a disease) or an injury.
Secondary Prevention - Answers Activities seek to detect a disease early in its progression (early
pathogenesis), before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent, to make a diagnosis and begin
treatment.
