TAMU ANSC 303 ACTUAL EXAM 2 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What are the 6 Brush Border Enzymes - ✔✔1) Lactase
2) Sucrase
3)maltase
4)isomaltase
5)glucoamylase
6)Phlorizin Hydrolase
✔✔Sucrase cleaves - ✔✔sucrose into fructose and glucose
✔✔Isomaltase cleaves - ✔✔alpha 1.4 and 1.6 bonds
✔✔Glucoamylase cleaves - ✔✔One glucose from starch
✔✔Phlorizin hydrolase cleaves - ✔✔sugars bound to lipids
✔✔What happens to enzyme activity as you move from the duodenum to jejunum - ✔✔-
activity increases
-enzymes have started working
✔✔What happens to enzyme activity as you move from jejunum to ileum - ✔✔-activity
decreases
-enzymes are degraded
-decreased substrate availability
✔✔What are intestinal saccharides made of - ✔✔Proteins (b/c they're enzymes)
✔✔What are the two types of transport competition - ✔✔1) Fully
2) Partial
✔✔Fully transport competition - ✔✔-sugars that utilize the same transporters
-decrease the transport of eachother
✔✔Partial transport competition - ✔✔-nutrients that require Na+ for transport
-diminished electrochemical gradient
-decreases transport
✔✔What 3 things does the basolateral membrane transport - ✔✔gluce, galactose,
fructose
✔✔GLUT2 - ✔✔-part of basolateral membrane
-Na+ dependent
, -moves from vili to blood
-occurs because concentrations are higher in the cell than in the blood
✔✔Galactose and Fructose Metabolism - ✔✔-metabolized by the liver, turned into
glucose
-released as glucose during periods of low blood glucose
✔✔What happens when you drink a can of soda - ✔✔-you get high blood glucose
-body produces insulin to bring blood glucose down
-sometimes it lowers blood glucose too much
-that's why galactose and fructose are released as glucose during low blood glucose
levels
✔✔Glucose - ✔✔-Metabolized by the liver
-energy source
-absorbed by facilitated diffusion
✔✔Where can GLUT4 be found - ✔✔Muscle and adipose
✔✔GLUT4 - ✔✔-requires insulin
-adipose MINUS insulin: glut4 free inside fat cell
-adipose PLUS insulin: glut4 concentrated on sides of fat cells closest to blood vessel
✔✔Insulin - ✔✔-increase AA/protein synthesis
-increase glycogen synthesis
-increase FA synthesis
-decrease gluconeogenesis by the liver
-stimulates translocation of GLUT4 to membrane of adipose and muscle cells
✔✔Gluconeogenesis - ✔✔Creation of glucose
✔✔GLUT 1-3 - ✔✔-expressed in organs with high demand for glucose (brain, blood)
-insulin dependent
✔✔Type 1 diabetes - ✔✔-Beta cells no longer produce insulin
-GLUT4 doesn't translocate to muscle cell
-juvenal onset
✔✔Type 2 diabetes - ✔✔-muscle and adipose cells no longer respond to insulin
-genetic and environmental
✔✔insulin insensitive - ✔✔-presence of insulin doesn't cause GLUT4 to translocate
-can't decrease blood sugar rapidly
✔✔Anything a mammal can't digest, ______ can ______ - ✔✔microbes can ferment
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What are the 6 Brush Border Enzymes - ✔✔1) Lactase
2) Sucrase
3)maltase
4)isomaltase
5)glucoamylase
6)Phlorizin Hydrolase
✔✔Sucrase cleaves - ✔✔sucrose into fructose and glucose
✔✔Isomaltase cleaves - ✔✔alpha 1.4 and 1.6 bonds
✔✔Glucoamylase cleaves - ✔✔One glucose from starch
✔✔Phlorizin hydrolase cleaves - ✔✔sugars bound to lipids
✔✔What happens to enzyme activity as you move from the duodenum to jejunum - ✔✔-
activity increases
-enzymes have started working
✔✔What happens to enzyme activity as you move from jejunum to ileum - ✔✔-activity
decreases
-enzymes are degraded
-decreased substrate availability
✔✔What are intestinal saccharides made of - ✔✔Proteins (b/c they're enzymes)
✔✔What are the two types of transport competition - ✔✔1) Fully
2) Partial
✔✔Fully transport competition - ✔✔-sugars that utilize the same transporters
-decrease the transport of eachother
✔✔Partial transport competition - ✔✔-nutrients that require Na+ for transport
-diminished electrochemical gradient
-decreases transport
✔✔What 3 things does the basolateral membrane transport - ✔✔gluce, galactose,
fructose
✔✔GLUT2 - ✔✔-part of basolateral membrane
-Na+ dependent
, -moves from vili to blood
-occurs because concentrations are higher in the cell than in the blood
✔✔Galactose and Fructose Metabolism - ✔✔-metabolized by the liver, turned into
glucose
-released as glucose during periods of low blood glucose
✔✔What happens when you drink a can of soda - ✔✔-you get high blood glucose
-body produces insulin to bring blood glucose down
-sometimes it lowers blood glucose too much
-that's why galactose and fructose are released as glucose during low blood glucose
levels
✔✔Glucose - ✔✔-Metabolized by the liver
-energy source
-absorbed by facilitated diffusion
✔✔Where can GLUT4 be found - ✔✔Muscle and adipose
✔✔GLUT4 - ✔✔-requires insulin
-adipose MINUS insulin: glut4 free inside fat cell
-adipose PLUS insulin: glut4 concentrated on sides of fat cells closest to blood vessel
✔✔Insulin - ✔✔-increase AA/protein synthesis
-increase glycogen synthesis
-increase FA synthesis
-decrease gluconeogenesis by the liver
-stimulates translocation of GLUT4 to membrane of adipose and muscle cells
✔✔Gluconeogenesis - ✔✔Creation of glucose
✔✔GLUT 1-3 - ✔✔-expressed in organs with high demand for glucose (brain, blood)
-insulin dependent
✔✔Type 1 diabetes - ✔✔-Beta cells no longer produce insulin
-GLUT4 doesn't translocate to muscle cell
-juvenal onset
✔✔Type 2 diabetes - ✔✔-muscle and adipose cells no longer respond to insulin
-genetic and environmental
✔✔insulin insensitive - ✔✔-presence of insulin doesn't cause GLUT4 to translocate
-can't decrease blood sugar rapidly
✔✔Anything a mammal can't digest, ______ can ______ - ✔✔microbes can ferment
