TAMU ANSC 303 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Mouth - ✔✔-mechanical breakdown ( decrease p.s.)
-mixing
-saliva (oral health, lube, enzymes)
✔✔What are the two salivary enzymes - ✔✔1) amylase (starch digestion)
2) Lingual Lipase (lipid digestion)
✔✔Esophagus - ✔✔-transports food from mouth to stomach
-made of squamous epithelial cells
✔✔what are the regions of the stomach - ✔✔esophageal region, cardiac region, fundus
region, pyloric region
✔✔Gastroesophageal sphincter - ✔✔keeps acid from coming up from the stomach
✔✔Pyloric sphincter - ✔✔regulates gastric emptying (rate controlled by capacity of
smalli)
✔✔What are the 5 functions of the stomach - ✔✔storage, mixing, digestion, secretion,
and absorption
✔✔Stomach storage - ✔✔-impacts digestion (controls rate of passage)
-flow is tightly controlled by pyloric sphincter
-KD and KP are competing with eachother
✔✔faster rate of passage - ✔✔lower digestion
✔✔slower rate of passage - ✔✔higher digestion
✔✔Mixing - ✔✔physical processing or grinding of digesta
✔✔Stomach Digestion - ✔✔- Chemical digestion and enzymatic digestion
✔✔Chemical digestion in the stomach - ✔✔-acidic environment (pH 1-3)
-denatures proteins, kills bacteria/microbes, activates pepsinogen
✔✔Pepsinogen - ✔✔Proenzyme activated by HCL to pepsin
✔✔Enzymatic digestion in the stomach - ✔✔-gastric lipase: lipids
-pepsin: proteins
, ✔✔Stomach secretion - ✔✔-Gastric lipase, pepsinogen, and HCl
✔✔HCl - ✔✔-Hydrochloric acid
-decreases stomach pH
-vegal stimulation increases production
-smalli decreased production
✔✔Folds of ragae - ✔✔allow the stomach to expand and stretch
✔✔Lipids in the SmallI - ✔✔-decrease gastric emptying
-fats are slow and hard to digest
-the body wants to digest them all because of the energy
-if lipids reach the smalli it will halt passage in order to fully digest the lipids
✔✔Digestion - ✔✔-Preparation of ingested nutrients for absorption
- nutrients go from not being able to be absorbed to being able to be absorbed
✔✔Hydrolysis - ✔✔cleavage or breakage of a chemical bond accompanied by the
splitting of water
✔✔Proteins are hydrolyzed into - ✔✔peptides and amino acids
✔✔Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed into - ✔✔monosaccharides
✔✔Fats are hydrolyzed into - ✔✔MAG and fatty acids
✔✔Where is the primary site of digestion and absorption - ✔✔Small intestine
✔✔What are the 4 functions of the small intestine - ✔✔Digestion, absorption, secretion,
and immunity
✔✔What facilitates digestion and absorption - ✔✔Increase in surface area and
decreased in rate of passage
✔✔Why do we want to increase surface area - ✔✔it increases the enzymes and
enterocytes contact with the nutrient
✔✔Why do we want to decrease rate of passage - ✔✔it increases the time enzymes
and enterocyte has to interact with the nutrient
✔✔What are the 3 segments of the small i - ✔✔duodenum, jejunm, ileum
✔✔Duodenum - ✔✔-pH 5-6
-less than 1 m
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Mouth - ✔✔-mechanical breakdown ( decrease p.s.)
-mixing
-saliva (oral health, lube, enzymes)
✔✔What are the two salivary enzymes - ✔✔1) amylase (starch digestion)
2) Lingual Lipase (lipid digestion)
✔✔Esophagus - ✔✔-transports food from mouth to stomach
-made of squamous epithelial cells
✔✔what are the regions of the stomach - ✔✔esophageal region, cardiac region, fundus
region, pyloric region
✔✔Gastroesophageal sphincter - ✔✔keeps acid from coming up from the stomach
✔✔Pyloric sphincter - ✔✔regulates gastric emptying (rate controlled by capacity of
smalli)
✔✔What are the 5 functions of the stomach - ✔✔storage, mixing, digestion, secretion,
and absorption
✔✔Stomach storage - ✔✔-impacts digestion (controls rate of passage)
-flow is tightly controlled by pyloric sphincter
-KD and KP are competing with eachother
✔✔faster rate of passage - ✔✔lower digestion
✔✔slower rate of passage - ✔✔higher digestion
✔✔Mixing - ✔✔physical processing or grinding of digesta
✔✔Stomach Digestion - ✔✔- Chemical digestion and enzymatic digestion
✔✔Chemical digestion in the stomach - ✔✔-acidic environment (pH 1-3)
-denatures proteins, kills bacteria/microbes, activates pepsinogen
✔✔Pepsinogen - ✔✔Proenzyme activated by HCL to pepsin
✔✔Enzymatic digestion in the stomach - ✔✔-gastric lipase: lipids
-pepsin: proteins
, ✔✔Stomach secretion - ✔✔-Gastric lipase, pepsinogen, and HCl
✔✔HCl - ✔✔-Hydrochloric acid
-decreases stomach pH
-vegal stimulation increases production
-smalli decreased production
✔✔Folds of ragae - ✔✔allow the stomach to expand and stretch
✔✔Lipids in the SmallI - ✔✔-decrease gastric emptying
-fats are slow and hard to digest
-the body wants to digest them all because of the energy
-if lipids reach the smalli it will halt passage in order to fully digest the lipids
✔✔Digestion - ✔✔-Preparation of ingested nutrients for absorption
- nutrients go from not being able to be absorbed to being able to be absorbed
✔✔Hydrolysis - ✔✔cleavage or breakage of a chemical bond accompanied by the
splitting of water
✔✔Proteins are hydrolyzed into - ✔✔peptides and amino acids
✔✔Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed into - ✔✔monosaccharides
✔✔Fats are hydrolyzed into - ✔✔MAG and fatty acids
✔✔Where is the primary site of digestion and absorption - ✔✔Small intestine
✔✔What are the 4 functions of the small intestine - ✔✔Digestion, absorption, secretion,
and immunity
✔✔What facilitates digestion and absorption - ✔✔Increase in surface area and
decreased in rate of passage
✔✔Why do we want to increase surface area - ✔✔it increases the enzymes and
enterocytes contact with the nutrient
✔✔Why do we want to decrease rate of passage - ✔✔it increases the time enzymes
and enterocyte has to interact with the nutrient
✔✔What are the 3 segments of the small i - ✔✔duodenum, jejunm, ileum
✔✔Duodenum - ✔✔-pH 5-6
-less than 1 m
