WGU C180 INTRODUCTION PSYCHOLOGY TEST PAPERS 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Perception - ✔✔The process of organization and interpretation using both
genetically transmitted knowledge and knowledge derived from experience to organize
and interpret incoming sensory information.
✔✔Sensation - ✔✔Awareness resulting from the stimulation of a sense organ
✔✔Absolute Threshold - ✔✔The intensity of a stimulus that allows an organism to
detect it at least 50% of the time.
✔✔Subliminal Messaging - ✔✔A signal or message designed to pass below (sub) the
normal limits of perception ( < 50% of the time). For example it might be inaudible to the
conscious mind (but audible to the unconscious or deeper mind) or might be an image
transmitted briefly and unperceived consciously and yet perceived unconsciously.
✔✔Top-down Perception - ✔✔Utilizing pre-existing expectancies and experiences to
perceive the environment.
✔✔Inattentional Blindness - ✔✔The ability to focus on some sensory inputs while tuning
out others. Also known as Selective Attention.
✔✔Hypnosis - ✔✔A therapeutic technique employed by some clinicians to facilitate
increased suggestibility and dissociated experiences.
✔✔REM Sleep - ✔✔Rapid Eye Movement sleep (dreaming);
Fast/random waves, vivid dreams; 20% - 25% of sleep time in adults.
✔✔NREM Sleep - ✔✔Non Rapid Eye Movement Sleep, divided into three stages:
N1: Theta waves; stage with least regular brain waves.
N2: Sleep spindles; ~50% of total sleep time in adults.
N3: Delta waves; slow wave sleep; deepest sleep.
✔✔Stages of Sleep - ✔✔N1: Theta waves; stage with least regular brain waves.
N2: Sleep spindles; ~50% of total sleep time in adults.
N3: Delta waves; slow wave sleep; deepest sleep.
REM: Fast/random waves, vivid dreams; 20% - 25% of sleep time in adults.
✔✔Tolerance - ✔✔Increased doses required to produce the same effect(s)
✔✔Dependence - ✔✔The need to use a drug or other substance regularly.
,✔✔Stages of Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - ✔✔Stage 1: Infancy (0-2
years) Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2: Early Childhood (2-4 years) Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Stage 3: Preschool Age (4-5 years) Initiative vs guilt
Stage 4: School Age (5-12 years) Industry vs Inferiority
Stage 5: Adolescence (13-19 years) Identity vs Role Confusion
Stage 6: Early Adulthood (20-39 years) Intimacy vs Isolation
Stage 7: Adulthood (40-64 years) Generativity vs Stagnation
Stage 8: Maturity (65 years - death) Ego Integrity vs Despair
✔✔Stages of Prenatal and Newborn Development - ✔✔Zygotic (or germinal),
Embryonic, Fetal
✔✔Zygotic - ✔✔First 2 weeks of development; 2nd - 4th weeks of pregnancy.
Conception; sperm and egg forms a single cell called a zygote that moves through the
fallopian tube to the uterus while dividing rapidly in a process called cleavage. Becomes
a blastocyst when it reaches, and implants, in the uterus.
✔✔Embryonic - ✔✔Implantation to 8 weeks from conception or the 10th week of
pregnancy.
This is the most important time of prenatal development because the embryo is
developing the foundations for a healthy baby.
The blastocyst that implanted in the uterus continues to divide rapidly after implantation.
Through a process called differentiation, cells begin to take on different functions. One
of the first examples of this is a division between the cells that will make up the placenta
and the cells that will make up the baby.
After this, a process called gastrulation forms three layers called germ layers. The outer
layer is called the ectoderm, the middle layer is called the mesoderm, and the inner
layer is called the endoderm.
Each germ layer will differentiate into different structures. The ectoderm will form many
outer tissues such as skin and hair, as well as most of the nervous system tissues -
including the brain. The mesoderm will form tissues inside the body such as the lungs,
bones, and muscles - including the heart. The endoderm will form tissues such as the
digestive tract and bladder, as well as other internal organs.
, All of the essential structures have been formed (both inside and outside) by the time
the embryonic period comes to an end. The new title of fetus is now given to the
embryo.
Embryogenesis is a term that can be used to describe all of the processes of embryo
development up until the time it becomes a fetus.
✔✔Fetal - ✔✔10th - 40th week of pregnancy.
Characterized by exponential growth of the embryo, now called a ____, and the
development of tissues and organs.
✔✔Object Permanence - ✔✔The understanding that objects continue to exist even
when they cannot be observed.
✔✔Stages of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Developemt - ✔✔Stage 1: Sensorimotor (0-2
years)
The child experiences the world through the fundamental senses of seeing, hearing,
touching, and tasting.
• Object permanence; stranger anxiety.
Stage 2: Preoperational (2-7 years)
Children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and
mental imagery. They also start to see the world from other people's perspectives.
• Theory of mind; rapid increase in language ability.
Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
Children become able to think logically. They can increasingly perform operations on
objects that are only imagined.
• Conservation
Stage 4: Formal Operational (11 years-adulthood)
Adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can
understand ethics and scientific reasoning.
• Abstract Logic
✔✔Attachment - ✔✔Emotional tie(s) to another person
✔✔Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning - ✔✔Cognitive development follows specific
patterns. Stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological
theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. ... The six stages of
moral development are grouped into three levels: pre-conventional morality,
conventional morality, and post-conventional morality.
✔✔Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning - ✔✔Stage 1: Preconventional Morality (0-9
years)
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Perception - ✔✔The process of organization and interpretation using both
genetically transmitted knowledge and knowledge derived from experience to organize
and interpret incoming sensory information.
✔✔Sensation - ✔✔Awareness resulting from the stimulation of a sense organ
✔✔Absolute Threshold - ✔✔The intensity of a stimulus that allows an organism to
detect it at least 50% of the time.
✔✔Subliminal Messaging - ✔✔A signal or message designed to pass below (sub) the
normal limits of perception ( < 50% of the time). For example it might be inaudible to the
conscious mind (but audible to the unconscious or deeper mind) or might be an image
transmitted briefly and unperceived consciously and yet perceived unconsciously.
✔✔Top-down Perception - ✔✔Utilizing pre-existing expectancies and experiences to
perceive the environment.
✔✔Inattentional Blindness - ✔✔The ability to focus on some sensory inputs while tuning
out others. Also known as Selective Attention.
✔✔Hypnosis - ✔✔A therapeutic technique employed by some clinicians to facilitate
increased suggestibility and dissociated experiences.
✔✔REM Sleep - ✔✔Rapid Eye Movement sleep (dreaming);
Fast/random waves, vivid dreams; 20% - 25% of sleep time in adults.
✔✔NREM Sleep - ✔✔Non Rapid Eye Movement Sleep, divided into three stages:
N1: Theta waves; stage with least regular brain waves.
N2: Sleep spindles; ~50% of total sleep time in adults.
N3: Delta waves; slow wave sleep; deepest sleep.
✔✔Stages of Sleep - ✔✔N1: Theta waves; stage with least regular brain waves.
N2: Sleep spindles; ~50% of total sleep time in adults.
N3: Delta waves; slow wave sleep; deepest sleep.
REM: Fast/random waves, vivid dreams; 20% - 25% of sleep time in adults.
✔✔Tolerance - ✔✔Increased doses required to produce the same effect(s)
✔✔Dependence - ✔✔The need to use a drug or other substance regularly.
,✔✔Stages of Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - ✔✔Stage 1: Infancy (0-2
years) Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2: Early Childhood (2-4 years) Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Stage 3: Preschool Age (4-5 years) Initiative vs guilt
Stage 4: School Age (5-12 years) Industry vs Inferiority
Stage 5: Adolescence (13-19 years) Identity vs Role Confusion
Stage 6: Early Adulthood (20-39 years) Intimacy vs Isolation
Stage 7: Adulthood (40-64 years) Generativity vs Stagnation
Stage 8: Maturity (65 years - death) Ego Integrity vs Despair
✔✔Stages of Prenatal and Newborn Development - ✔✔Zygotic (or germinal),
Embryonic, Fetal
✔✔Zygotic - ✔✔First 2 weeks of development; 2nd - 4th weeks of pregnancy.
Conception; sperm and egg forms a single cell called a zygote that moves through the
fallopian tube to the uterus while dividing rapidly in a process called cleavage. Becomes
a blastocyst when it reaches, and implants, in the uterus.
✔✔Embryonic - ✔✔Implantation to 8 weeks from conception or the 10th week of
pregnancy.
This is the most important time of prenatal development because the embryo is
developing the foundations for a healthy baby.
The blastocyst that implanted in the uterus continues to divide rapidly after implantation.
Through a process called differentiation, cells begin to take on different functions. One
of the first examples of this is a division between the cells that will make up the placenta
and the cells that will make up the baby.
After this, a process called gastrulation forms three layers called germ layers. The outer
layer is called the ectoderm, the middle layer is called the mesoderm, and the inner
layer is called the endoderm.
Each germ layer will differentiate into different structures. The ectoderm will form many
outer tissues such as skin and hair, as well as most of the nervous system tissues -
including the brain. The mesoderm will form tissues inside the body such as the lungs,
bones, and muscles - including the heart. The endoderm will form tissues such as the
digestive tract and bladder, as well as other internal organs.
, All of the essential structures have been formed (both inside and outside) by the time
the embryonic period comes to an end. The new title of fetus is now given to the
embryo.
Embryogenesis is a term that can be used to describe all of the processes of embryo
development up until the time it becomes a fetus.
✔✔Fetal - ✔✔10th - 40th week of pregnancy.
Characterized by exponential growth of the embryo, now called a ____, and the
development of tissues and organs.
✔✔Object Permanence - ✔✔The understanding that objects continue to exist even
when they cannot be observed.
✔✔Stages of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Developemt - ✔✔Stage 1: Sensorimotor (0-2
years)
The child experiences the world through the fundamental senses of seeing, hearing,
touching, and tasting.
• Object permanence; stranger anxiety.
Stage 2: Preoperational (2-7 years)
Children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and
mental imagery. They also start to see the world from other people's perspectives.
• Theory of mind; rapid increase in language ability.
Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
Children become able to think logically. They can increasingly perform operations on
objects that are only imagined.
• Conservation
Stage 4: Formal Operational (11 years-adulthood)
Adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can
understand ethics and scientific reasoning.
• Abstract Logic
✔✔Attachment - ✔✔Emotional tie(s) to another person
✔✔Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning - ✔✔Cognitive development follows specific
patterns. Stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological
theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. ... The six stages of
moral development are grouped into three levels: pre-conventional morality,
conventional morality, and post-conventional morality.
✔✔Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning - ✔✔Stage 1: Preconventional Morality (0-9
years)
