Module 1
Introduction to Microprocessor and
Computer
,What is used in CPU?
• Program controlled semiconductor device (IC) which fetches (fr
memory), decodes and executes instructions.
• It is used as CPU (Central Processing Unit) in computers.
, Microprocessor Fifth Generation Pentium
Generation
Fourth Generation
During 1980s
Low power version of HMOS technology
(HCMOS)
32 bit processors
Third Generation
Physical memory space 224 bytes = 16 Mb
During 1978
Virtual memory space 240 bytes = 1 Tb
HMOS technology Faster speed, Higher
Floating point hardware
packing density
Supports increased number of addressing
16 bit processors 40/ 48/ 64 pins
modes
Easier to program
Dynamically relatable programs
Intel 80386
Processor has multiply/ divide arithmetic
hardware
More powerful interrupt handling
capabilities Second Generation
Flexible I/O port addressing During 1973
NMOS technology Faster speed, Higher
Intel 8086 (16 bit processor) density, Compatible with TTL
/ 16 bit processors 40 pins
First Generation Ability to address large memory spaces
Between 1971 – 1973 and I/O ports
PMOS technology, non compatible with TTL Greater number of levels of subroutine
4 bit processors 16 pins nesting
8 and 16 bit processors 40 pins Better interrupt handling capabilities
Due to limitations of pins, signals are 3
multiplexed Intel 8085 (8 bit processor)
, Microprocessor Functional blocks
Various conditions of the
Computational Unit;
results are stored as
performs arithmetic and Internal storage of data
status bits called flags in
logic operations
flag register
Register array or Data Bus
internal memory
ALU
Generates the
address of the
Instruction
Flag instructions to be
decoding unit
Register fetched from the
memory and send
through address
bus to the
Timing and memory
control unit PC/ IP
Control Bus Address Bus
Generates control signals for
internal and external Decodes instructions; sends
operations of the information to the timing and
control unit 4
microprocessor
Introduction to Microprocessor and
Computer
,What is used in CPU?
• Program controlled semiconductor device (IC) which fetches (fr
memory), decodes and executes instructions.
• It is used as CPU (Central Processing Unit) in computers.
, Microprocessor Fifth Generation Pentium
Generation
Fourth Generation
During 1980s
Low power version of HMOS technology
(HCMOS)
32 bit processors
Third Generation
Physical memory space 224 bytes = 16 Mb
During 1978
Virtual memory space 240 bytes = 1 Tb
HMOS technology Faster speed, Higher
Floating point hardware
packing density
Supports increased number of addressing
16 bit processors 40/ 48/ 64 pins
modes
Easier to program
Dynamically relatable programs
Intel 80386
Processor has multiply/ divide arithmetic
hardware
More powerful interrupt handling
capabilities Second Generation
Flexible I/O port addressing During 1973
NMOS technology Faster speed, Higher
Intel 8086 (16 bit processor) density, Compatible with TTL
/ 16 bit processors 40 pins
First Generation Ability to address large memory spaces
Between 1971 – 1973 and I/O ports
PMOS technology, non compatible with TTL Greater number of levels of subroutine
4 bit processors 16 pins nesting
8 and 16 bit processors 40 pins Better interrupt handling capabilities
Due to limitations of pins, signals are 3
multiplexed Intel 8085 (8 bit processor)
, Microprocessor Functional blocks
Various conditions of the
Computational Unit;
results are stored as
performs arithmetic and Internal storage of data
status bits called flags in
logic operations
flag register
Register array or Data Bus
internal memory
ALU
Generates the
address of the
Instruction
Flag instructions to be
decoding unit
Register fetched from the
memory and send
through address
bus to the
Timing and memory
control unit PC/ IP
Control Bus Address Bus
Generates control signals for
internal and external Decodes instructions; sends
operations of the information to the timing and
control unit 4
microprocessor
