NUR 631 Final Exam - Questions With Comprehensive
Solutions
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of
which problem?
a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
b. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
c. Underlying chronic illness (es) exists.
d. Number of mast cells is insufficient. Right Ans - c. Underlying chronic
illness (es) exists.
Exp: In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in
general, but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular
disease or diabetes mellitus. The other problems are not related to the aging
process. page 220
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions
are related to elevations of which leukocyte?
a. Monocytes
b. Eosinohils
c. Neutrophils
d. Basophils Right Ans - c. Neutrophils
Exp: Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early
inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury, they
ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris at the
inflammatory site. page 208-209
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of
eosinophils is to release:
a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes
b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute
inflammation
,c. Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute
inflammation
d. Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites Right Ans -
b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute
inflammation
Exp: Eosinophil lysosomes contain several enzymes that degrade vasoactive
molecules, thereby controlling the vascular effects of inflammation. These
enzymes include histaminase, which mediates the degradation of histamine,
and arylsulfatase B, which mediates the degradation of some of the lipid-
derived mediators produced by mast cells. The other options do not
accurately describe the role of eosinophils. page 209
Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?
a. Eosinophil
b. Neutrophils
c. T lymphocytes
d B lymphocytes Right Ans - a. Eosinophils
Exp: Eosinophils serve as the body's primary defense against parasites. T
lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are involved in acquired immunity.
Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes
in the early inflammatory site. page 209
Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response?
a. The immune response is similar each time it is activated.
b. The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.
c. The response to a specific pathogen is short term.
d. The response is innate, rather than acquired. Right Ans - b. The immune
response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.
Exp: Unlike inflammation, which is nonspecifically activated by cellular
damage and pathogenic microorganisms, the immune response is primarily
designed to afford long-term specific protection (i.e., immunity) against
particular invading microorganisms; that is, it has a
memory function. The other options are not unique characteristics of the
immune response. page 225
,Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural
exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
a. Passive-acquired immunity
b. Active-acquired immunity
c. Passive-innate immunity
d. Active-innate immunity Right Ans - b. Active-acquired immunity
Exp: An individual produces active-acquired immunity (active immunity) after
natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization, whereas passive-
acquired immunity (passive immunity) does not involve the host's immune
response at all. The innate immune system, also known as nonspecific
immune system and the first line of defense, is composed of the cells and
mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms in a
nonspecific manner, which means that the cells of the innate system recognize
and respond to pathogens in a generic way. page 227
What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the
placenta?
a. Passive-acquired immunity
b. Active-acquired immunity
c. Passive-innate immunity
d. Active-innate immunity Right Ans - a. Passive-acquire immunity
Exp: Passive-acquired immunity (passive immunity) does not involve the
host's immune response at all. Rather, passive immunity occurs when
preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to the
recipient. This transfer can occur naturally, as in the passage of maternal
antibodies across the placenta to the fetus, or artificially, as in a clinic using
immunotherapy for a specific disease. The remaining options do not produce
immunity via immunoglobulin transfer across the placenta. page 227
Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory
secretions?
a. IgA
b. IgE
, c. IgG
d. IgM Right Ans - a. IgA
Exp: IgA can be divided into two subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2. IgA1 molecules
are predominantly found in the blood, whereas IgA2 is the predominant class
of antibody found in normal body secretions. The other options are not found
in the substances identified in the question. page 229
Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response?
a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgA
d. IgE Right Ans - b. IgM
Exp: Typically, IgM is produced first (primary immune response), followed by
IgG against the same antigen. The other options are not involved. page 247
An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when
he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody?
a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgA
d. IgE Right Ans - c. IgA
Exp: The IgA molecules found in bodily secretions are dimers anchored
together through a J-chain and secretory piece. This secretory piece is
attached to the IgA antibodies inside the mucosal epithelial cells and may
function to protect these immunoglobulin antibodies against degradation by
enzymes also found in the secretions, thus decreasing the risk of infections in
the mucous membrane. The other options do not accurately identify the
immunoglobulin antibody involved in mucous membrane infections. page 229
When a person is exposed to most antigens, antibodies can be usually
detected in his or her circulation within:
a. 12 hours
b. 24 hours
Solutions
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of
which problem?
a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
b. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
c. Underlying chronic illness (es) exists.
d. Number of mast cells is insufficient. Right Ans - c. Underlying chronic
illness (es) exists.
Exp: In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in
general, but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular
disease or diabetes mellitus. The other problems are not related to the aging
process. page 220
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions
are related to elevations of which leukocyte?
a. Monocytes
b. Eosinohils
c. Neutrophils
d. Basophils Right Ans - c. Neutrophils
Exp: Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early
inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury, they
ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris at the
inflammatory site. page 208-209
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of
eosinophils is to release:
a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes
b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute
inflammation
,c. Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute
inflammation
d. Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites Right Ans -
b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute
inflammation
Exp: Eosinophil lysosomes contain several enzymes that degrade vasoactive
molecules, thereby controlling the vascular effects of inflammation. These
enzymes include histaminase, which mediates the degradation of histamine,
and arylsulfatase B, which mediates the degradation of some of the lipid-
derived mediators produced by mast cells. The other options do not
accurately describe the role of eosinophils. page 209
Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?
a. Eosinophil
b. Neutrophils
c. T lymphocytes
d B lymphocytes Right Ans - a. Eosinophils
Exp: Eosinophils serve as the body's primary defense against parasites. T
lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are involved in acquired immunity.
Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes
in the early inflammatory site. page 209
Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response?
a. The immune response is similar each time it is activated.
b. The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.
c. The response to a specific pathogen is short term.
d. The response is innate, rather than acquired. Right Ans - b. The immune
response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.
Exp: Unlike inflammation, which is nonspecifically activated by cellular
damage and pathogenic microorganisms, the immune response is primarily
designed to afford long-term specific protection (i.e., immunity) against
particular invading microorganisms; that is, it has a
memory function. The other options are not unique characteristics of the
immune response. page 225
,Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural
exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
a. Passive-acquired immunity
b. Active-acquired immunity
c. Passive-innate immunity
d. Active-innate immunity Right Ans - b. Active-acquired immunity
Exp: An individual produces active-acquired immunity (active immunity) after
natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization, whereas passive-
acquired immunity (passive immunity) does not involve the host's immune
response at all. The innate immune system, also known as nonspecific
immune system and the first line of defense, is composed of the cells and
mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms in a
nonspecific manner, which means that the cells of the innate system recognize
and respond to pathogens in a generic way. page 227
What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the
placenta?
a. Passive-acquired immunity
b. Active-acquired immunity
c. Passive-innate immunity
d. Active-innate immunity Right Ans - a. Passive-acquire immunity
Exp: Passive-acquired immunity (passive immunity) does not involve the
host's immune response at all. Rather, passive immunity occurs when
preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to the
recipient. This transfer can occur naturally, as in the passage of maternal
antibodies across the placenta to the fetus, or artificially, as in a clinic using
immunotherapy for a specific disease. The remaining options do not produce
immunity via immunoglobulin transfer across the placenta. page 227
Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory
secretions?
a. IgA
b. IgE
, c. IgG
d. IgM Right Ans - a. IgA
Exp: IgA can be divided into two subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2. IgA1 molecules
are predominantly found in the blood, whereas IgA2 is the predominant class
of antibody found in normal body secretions. The other options are not found
in the substances identified in the question. page 229
Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response?
a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgA
d. IgE Right Ans - b. IgM
Exp: Typically, IgM is produced first (primary immune response), followed by
IgG against the same antigen. The other options are not involved. page 247
An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when
he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody?
a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgA
d. IgE Right Ans - c. IgA
Exp: The IgA molecules found in bodily secretions are dimers anchored
together through a J-chain and secretory piece. This secretory piece is
attached to the IgA antibodies inside the mucosal epithelial cells and may
function to protect these immunoglobulin antibodies against degradation by
enzymes also found in the secretions, thus decreasing the risk of infections in
the mucous membrane. The other options do not accurately identify the
immunoglobulin antibody involved in mucous membrane infections. page 229
When a person is exposed to most antigens, antibodies can be usually
detected in his or her circulation within:
a. 12 hours
b. 24 hours
