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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
p p p p
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
p p p p p p p
Unity and Diversity of Cells
p p p p
1-1 Livingpsystemsparepincrediblypdiversepinpsize,pshape,penvironment,pandpbehavior.pItpispestimatedpthatpther
eparepbetweenp10pmillionpandp100pmillionpdifferentpspecies.pDespitepthispwidepvarietypofporganisms,pitpre
mainspdifficultptopdefinepwhatpitpmeansptopsaypsomethingpispalive.pWhichpofpthepfollowingpcanpbepdescrib
edpaspthepsmallestplivingpunit?
(a) DNAp(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatepwhetherpthepfollowingpstatementspareptrueporpfalse.pIfpthepstatementpispfalse,pexplainpwhypitpis
pfalse.
A. ThepParameciumpispapmulticellularpmicroorganismpcoveredpwithphairlikepcilia.
B. Cellspofpdifferentptypespcanphavepdifferentpchemicalprequirements.pC.
Thepbranchlikepextensionspthatpsproutpfrompapsinglepnervepcellpinpa
mammalianpbrainpcanpextendpoverpseveralphundredpmicrometers.
1-3 Forpeachpofpthepfollowingpsentences,pfillpinpthepblankspwithpthepbestpwordporpphrasepselectedpfrompthepli
stpbelow.pNotpallpwordsporpphrasespwillpbepused;peachpwordporpphrasepshouldpbepusedponlyponce.
Cellspcanpbepverypdiverse:psuperficially,ptheypcomepinpvariouspsizes,prangingpfrompbacterialp
cellspsuchpaspLactobacillus,pwhichpispapfew
p
inplength,ptoplargerpcellspsuchpaspapfrog’spegg,pwhichphaspapdiameterpofpabo
utpone
.pDespitepthepdiversity,pcellspresemblepeachpotherptopanpastonishingpdegreep
inptheirpchemistry.pForpexample,pthepsamep20
arepusedptopmakepproteins.pSimilarly,pthepgeneticpinformationpofpallpcellspisp
storedpinptheir
p .pAlthough
containpthepsameptypespofpmoleculespaspcells,ptheirpinabilityptopreproducept
hemselvespbyptheirpownpeffortspmeanspthatptheyparepnotpconsideredplivingpmatter.
aminopacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)p yeast
fattypacidsp plants
meter plasmapmembranes
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1-4 Howpdoespcellularpspecializationpservepmulticellularporganismspandphowpmightpaph
ighpdegreepofpspecializationpbepdetrimental?
1-5 Thepflowpofpgeneticpinformationpispcontrolledpbypapseriespofpbiochemicalpreactionspt
hatpresultpinpthepproductionpofpproteins,peachpwithpitspownpspecificporderpofpaminopa
cids.pChoosepthepcorrectpseriespofpbiochemicalpreactionspfrompthepoptionsppresented
phere.
(a) replication,ptranscription,ptranslation
(b) replication,ptranslation,ptranscription
(c) translation,ptranscription,preplication
(d) translation,preplication,ptranscription
1-6 Proteinsparepimportantparchitecturalpandpcatalyticpcomponentspwithinpthepcell,phelpi
ngptopdeterminepitspchemistry,pitspshape,pandpitspabilityptoprespondptopchangespinpthep
environment.pRemarkably,pallpofpthepdifferentpproteinspinpapcellparepmadepfromptheps
amep20
.pByplinkingpthempinpdifferentpsequences,pthepcellpcan
pmakepproteinpmoleculespwithpdifferentpconformationspandpsurfacepchemistries,pandp
thereforepdifferentpfunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminopacids.
(d) fattypacids.
1-7 WhichpstatementpispNOTptruepaboutpmutations?
(a) ApmutationpispapchangepinpthepDNApthatpcanpgeneratepoffspringplesspfitpforps
urvivalpthanptheirpparents.
(b) ApmutationpcanpbepapresultpofpimperfectpDNApduplication.
(c) Apmutationpispapresultpofpsexualpreproduction.
(d) ApmutationpispapchangepinpthepDNApthatpcanpgeneratepoffspringpthatparepaspfi
tpforpsurvivalpasptheirpparentspare.
1-8 ChangespinpDNApsequencepfromponepgenerationptopthepnextpmaypresultpinpoffspringpt
hatparepalteredpinpfitnesspcomparedpwithptheirpparents.pThepprocesspofpchangepandpsel
ectionpoverpthepcoursepofpmanypgenerationspispthepbasispof .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selectpthepoptionpthatpbestpfinishespthepfollowingpstatement:p“Evolutionpispap
process .”
(a) thatpcanpbepunderstoodpbasedponpthepprinciplespofpmutationpandpselection.
(b) thatpresultspfromprepeatedpcyclespofpadaptationpoverpbillionspofpyears.
(c) bypwhichpallppresent-daypcellsparosepfromp4–5pdifferentpancestralpcells.
(d) thatprequiresphundredspofpthousandspofpyears.
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1-10 Selectpthepoptionpthatpcorrectlypfinishespthepfollowingpstatement:p“Apcell’spgenome
p .”
(a) ispdefinedpaspallpthepgenespbeingpusedptopmakepprotein.
(b) containspallpofpapcell’spDNA.
(c) constantlypchanges,pdependingpuponpthepcell’spenvironment.
(d) ispalteredpduringpembryonicpdevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
p p p
1-11 WhichpstatementpispNOTptruepaboutpthepevents/conclusionspfrompstudiespduringpt
hepmid-1800spsurroundingpthepdiscoverypofpcells?
(a) Cellspcameptopbepknownpaspthepsmallestpuniversalpbuildingpblockpofplivingpo
rganisms.
(b) Scientistspcameptopthepconclusionpthatpnewpcellspcanpformpspontaneouslypf
rompthepremnantspofprupturedpcells.
(c) Lightpmicroscopypwaspessentialpinpdemonstratingpthepcommonalitiesp
betweenpplantpandpanimalptissues.
(d) Newpcellsparisepfrompthepgrowthpandpdivisionpofppreviouslypexistingpcells.
1-12 Whatpunitpofplengthpwouldpyoupgenerallypuseptopmeasurepaptypicalpplantporpanimalpc
ell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchptheptypepofpmicroscopyponpthepleftpwithpthepcorrespondingpdescriptionp
providedpbelow.pTherepisponepbestpmatchpforpeach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionpelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningpelectron
F. bright-field
p
usespaplightpmicroscopepwithpanpopticalpcomponentptoptakepadvantagepofpt
hepdifferentprefractivepindicespofplightppassingpthroughpdifferentpregionspofpt
hepcell.
p
employspaplightpmicroscopepandprequirespthatpsamplespbepfixedpandpstaine
dpinporderptoprevealpcellularpdetails.
ppppppppprequirespthepusepofptwopsetspofpfilters.pThepfirstpfilterpnarrowspthepwavelengthpra
ngepthatpreachespthepspecimenpandpthepsecondpblockspoutpallpwavelengthsptha
tppasspbackpupptopthepeyepiecepexceptpforpthosepemittedpbypthepdyepinpthepsam
ple.
pppppppppscanspthepspecimenpwithpapfocusedplaserpbeam ptopobtainpapseriespofptwo-
pdimensionalpopticalpsections,pwhichpcanpbepusedptopreconstructpanpimagepof
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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
p p p p
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
p p p p p p p
Unity and Diversity of Cells
p p p p
1-1 Livingpsystemsparepincrediblypdiversepinpsize,pshape,penvironment,pandpbehavior.pItpispestimatedpthatpther
eparepbetweenp10pmillionpandp100pmillionpdifferentpspecies.pDespitepthispwidepvarietypofporganisms,pitpre
mainspdifficultptopdefinepwhatpitpmeansptopsaypsomethingpispalive.pWhichpofpthepfollowingpcanpbepdescrib
edpaspthepsmallestplivingpunit?
(a) DNAp(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatepwhetherpthepfollowingpstatementspareptrueporpfalse.pIfpthepstatementpispfalse,pexplainpwhypitpis
pfalse.
A. ThepParameciumpispapmulticellularpmicroorganismpcoveredpwithphairlikepcilia.
B. Cellspofpdifferentptypespcanphavepdifferentpchemicalprequirements.pC.
Thepbranchlikepextensionspthatpsproutpfrompapsinglepnervepcellpinpa
mammalianpbrainpcanpextendpoverpseveralphundredpmicrometers.
1-3 Forpeachpofpthepfollowingpsentences,pfillpinpthepblankspwithpthepbestpwordporpphrasepselectedpfrompthepli
stpbelow.pNotpallpwordsporpphrasespwillpbepused;peachpwordporpphrasepshouldpbepusedponlyponce.
Cellspcanpbepverypdiverse:psuperficially,ptheypcomepinpvariouspsizes,prangingpfrompbacterialp
cellspsuchpaspLactobacillus,pwhichpispapfew
p
inplength,ptoplargerpcellspsuchpaspapfrog’spegg,pwhichphaspapdiameterpofpabo
utpone
.pDespitepthepdiversity,pcellspresemblepeachpotherptopanpastonishingpdegreep
inptheirpchemistry.pForpexample,pthepsamep20
arepusedptopmakepproteins.pSimilarly,pthepgeneticpinformationpofpallpcellspisp
storedpinptheir
p .pAlthough
containpthepsameptypespofpmoleculespaspcells,ptheirpinabilityptopreproducept
hemselvespbyptheirpownpeffortspmeanspthatptheyparepnotpconsideredplivingpmatter.
aminopacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)p yeast
fattypacidsp plants
meter plasmapmembranes
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1-4 Howpdoespcellularpspecializationpservepmulticellularporganismspandphowpmightpaph
ighpdegreepofpspecializationpbepdetrimental?
1-5 Thepflowpofpgeneticpinformationpispcontrolledpbypapseriespofpbiochemicalpreactionspt
hatpresultpinpthepproductionpofpproteins,peachpwithpitspownpspecificporderpofpaminopa
cids.pChoosepthepcorrectpseriespofpbiochemicalpreactionspfrompthepoptionsppresented
phere.
(a) replication,ptranscription,ptranslation
(b) replication,ptranslation,ptranscription
(c) translation,ptranscription,preplication
(d) translation,preplication,ptranscription
1-6 Proteinsparepimportantparchitecturalpandpcatalyticpcomponentspwithinpthepcell,phelpi
ngptopdeterminepitspchemistry,pitspshape,pandpitspabilityptoprespondptopchangespinpthep
environment.pRemarkably,pallpofpthepdifferentpproteinspinpapcellparepmadepfromptheps
amep20
.pByplinkingpthempinpdifferentpsequences,pthepcellpcan
pmakepproteinpmoleculespwithpdifferentpconformationspandpsurfacepchemistries,pandp
thereforepdifferentpfunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminopacids.
(d) fattypacids.
1-7 WhichpstatementpispNOTptruepaboutpmutations?
(a) ApmutationpispapchangepinpthepDNApthatpcanpgeneratepoffspringplesspfitpforps
urvivalpthanptheirpparents.
(b) ApmutationpcanpbepapresultpofpimperfectpDNApduplication.
(c) Apmutationpispapresultpofpsexualpreproduction.
(d) ApmutationpispapchangepinpthepDNApthatpcanpgeneratepoffspringpthatparepaspfi
tpforpsurvivalpasptheirpparentspare.
1-8 ChangespinpDNApsequencepfromponepgenerationptopthepnextpmaypresultpinpoffspringpt
hatparepalteredpinpfitnesspcomparedpwithptheirpparents.pThepprocesspofpchangepandpsel
ectionpoverpthepcoursepofpmanypgenerationspispthepbasispof .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selectpthepoptionpthatpbestpfinishespthepfollowingpstatement:p“Evolutionpispap
process .”
(a) thatpcanpbepunderstoodpbasedponpthepprinciplespofpmutationpandpselection.
(b) thatpresultspfromprepeatedpcyclespofpadaptationpoverpbillionspofpyears.
(c) bypwhichpallppresent-daypcellsparosepfromp4–5pdifferentpancestralpcells.
(d) thatprequiresphundredspofpthousandspofpyears.
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1-10 Selectpthepoptionpthatpcorrectlypfinishespthepfollowingpstatement:p“Apcell’spgenome
p .”
(a) ispdefinedpaspallpthepgenespbeingpusedptopmakepprotein.
(b) containspallpofpapcell’spDNA.
(c) constantlypchanges,pdependingpuponpthepcell’spenvironment.
(d) ispalteredpduringpembryonicpdevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
p p p
1-11 WhichpstatementpispNOTptruepaboutpthepevents/conclusionspfrompstudiespduringpt
hepmid-1800spsurroundingpthepdiscoverypofpcells?
(a) Cellspcameptopbepknownpaspthepsmallestpuniversalpbuildingpblockpofplivingpo
rganisms.
(b) Scientistspcameptopthepconclusionpthatpnewpcellspcanpformpspontaneouslypf
rompthepremnantspofprupturedpcells.
(c) Lightpmicroscopypwaspessentialpinpdemonstratingpthepcommonalitiesp
betweenpplantpandpanimalptissues.
(d) Newpcellsparisepfrompthepgrowthpandpdivisionpofppreviouslypexistingpcells.
1-12 Whatpunitpofplengthpwouldpyoupgenerallypuseptopmeasurepaptypicalpplantporpanimalpc
ell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchptheptypepofpmicroscopyponpthepleftpwithpthepcorrespondingpdescriptionp
providedpbelow.pTherepisponepbestpmatchpforpeach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionpelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningpelectron
F. bright-field
p
usespaplightpmicroscopepwithpanpopticalpcomponentptoptakepadvantagepofpt
hepdifferentprefractivepindicespofplightppassingpthroughpdifferentpregionspofpt
hepcell.
p
employspaplightpmicroscopepandprequirespthatpsamplespbepfixedpandpstaine
dpinporderptoprevealpcellularpdetails.
ppppppppprequirespthepusepofptwopsetspofpfilters.pThepfirstpfilterpnarrowspthepwavelengthpra
ngepthatpreachespthepspecimenpandpthepsecondpblockspoutpallpwavelengthsptha
tppasspbackpupptopthepeyepiecepexceptpforpthosepemittedpbypthepdyepinpthepsam
ple.
pppppppppscanspthepspecimenpwithpapfocusedplaserpbeam ptopobtainpapseriespofptwo-
pdimensionalpopticalpsections,pwhichpcanpbepusedptopreconstructpanpimagepof
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