Absolutists disorder is caused by the same biological factors in all cultures

Abnormal Psychology Study of behaviour with the objectives of 1. describing 2. explaining 3. predicting 4. controlling behaviours that considered strange and unusual Relativists symptoms and causes of a disorder vary across culutres Absolutists disorder is caused by the same biological factors in all cultures Abnormality definition clear-cut definitions Abnormal behaviour deviant, dangerous or dysfunctional Abnormal behaviour consequences distress or dysfunction for individual or others Elements of Abnormality -personal suffering -maladaptiveness -irrationality and incomprehensibility -unpredictability and loss of control -level of emotional distress -interference in daily functioning -vividness and unconventionality (deviations from the normal (Developmetal, societal and culturals) -observer discomfort -violation of moral and ideal standards Defining Abnoraml behaviour DSM-5 Diagnostic and statistical manuel for mental disorders DSM-5 symptoms and the scientific basis for the disorder -presentation -aetiology -developmental stage -functional impairment Clinical presentation symtoms clustered together etiology cause of the disorder developmental stage does disorder look different between children and adults functional impairment immediate and long term consequences Mental disorders -present distress -disability (impairment) -risk of suffering death/pain/loss of freedom/disability Thomas Szasz- Clinical labelling misue mental illness=problems in living Mental Health Professionals 1. Psychiatrists 2. clincial psychologist 3. psychoanalyst 4. psychotherapist 5. counselling psychologist Epidemiology the study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population incidence number of new cases of a diorder taht appear in a population within a pseicfic time period prevalence total number of active cases in a given population during specific period of time life-time prevalence proportion of people in a given population affected by the disorder at some point during their lives e.g. depression 17% comorbidity the presence of more than one condition at a time Australians/qld that suffer mental disorders in their lifetime 1/4 How many qlders suffer mental disorders that significantly interfere with their daily lives 1/2 million How many australians attempt suicide everyday? 100 How many australians committed suicide in 2010? 2, 361 77% men 35.44 years highest suicide rates highest to lowest lifetime prevalence major depression, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, post traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, bipolar mood isorder, ocd, schizophrenia, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa How did the ancient world explain mental disorders? (Exl greece) supernatural explanations Hippocrates (5th BC, greece) 3 categories of mental disorders? 1. Mania 2. Melancholia 3. Phrenitis or brain-fever Hipporcrates explanation of mental disorder? natural causes: an imbalance in the four essential fluids 1. blood 2. phlegm 3. yellow 4. black bile (couldn't find evidence after the romance empire fell in 1st century) Middle age explanation of mental disorder? religion domination- supernatural view Supernatural view of mental disorders abnormal behaviour were works of the devil/witchcraft (exorcisms) -persecution as witches Renaissance delt with mental disorders how? humane treatment of mentally ill Pacacelsus starts and planents affected the brain Weyer 1st physician to treat mental illness Asylums mid 16h c e.g London's bethlehem hospital Treatment -confinement (shackles/chains/isolation) -torturous practices (ice baths, spin chairs, retricted diets) -medical treatments (bloodletting, purgatives) Moral treatment 19th century -american/french revolutions-individual rights -humantarian -care of people Philippe Pinel's reforms reforms in the care of people with mental disorders Pinel's Classification System (late 19th c) -melancholia -mania -mania with delirium -dementia -idiotism Kraepelin and the German Classifiers (1920s) 1. dementia praecox 2. manic depressive psychosis Dementia praecox bleuler subsequently renamed it schizophrenia what did syphilis cause? a search for biological causes Who identified hysterical disorders? Franz Mesmer How were Franz Mesmer hysterical disorders treated? Hypnosis Freud and Jean Martin Charcot Joseph Breuer: catharsis Freud- Free assocation Frued and Breurer's study in hysteria (1895) (a psychoanalytic revolution) 1. psychological factors affect behaviour 2. talking treatment more effective than harsh physical and moral treatments 3. behaviour influenced by thoughts, impulses and wishes (unaware of) 4. non-psychotic disorders are worthy of treatment Biopsychosocial Framework (Adolf Meyer ) -Biological factors (biology/disease processes/genes) -Psychological factors (thoughts/feelings/perceptions) -social factors (relationships/support) -Environmental factors (characteristics of seetings) Problems with single models for explaining abnormal behaviour 1. individuals are all unique, hard to explain the presence of the behaviour 2. many different factors contribute to the illness as a whole (systemic approach) Diathesis-stress model examines biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors related to abnormal behaviour Advances in Treatment 1. Psychoanalytic technique 2. Psychological theories (behavioural/humanistic) 3. new psychotropic drugs 4. deinstitutionalisation 5. out-patient psychiatric clinics 6. community mental health centres Current view of abnormal behaviour 1. context of behaviour 2. adopt scientist-practitioner approach 3. incorporate a holistic or multidisciplinary approach (in development of and treatment) Symtom a manifestation of pathological condition 1. subjective complaints 2. objective signs of pathological conditions (mood) Syndrome a group of symptoms that occur together that constitute a recognisable condition (dsm V) Classification system list of conditions with descriptions of symptoms that characterise each and guidelines for assigning individuals into categories Purpose of classification? 1. enables clinician's to diagnose person's problems as a disorder 2. information retrieval 3. facilitates research, communication and treatment selection Issues with classifying mental disorders? 1. classifying extreme range of phenomena, biochemical to social 2. symptoms rarely fit into a category oms not sufficient severity to one disorder despite distress and impairement Diagnostic Nomenclature (overall) 1. 18-19th Pinel's 2. 20th Kraepelin 3. Mid-1930s Hospital superintendents (psychiatric classification) 4. 1941 Soliders from war 5. 1949 Internaational classificatio of diesseases 6. DSM I -DSM V DSM V 200 mental disorders 1. criteria 2. clinical features 3. associated features 4. prevalence 5. development and course 6. risk and prognostic factors 7. culture and gender issues 8. markers 9. suicide risk 10. functional consequences 11. differential diagnosis 12. comorbidity Improvements in DSM 1. criteria more detailed/objective 2. focuse on verifiable symptoms 3. psychopathology is not regarded as subset of medicine 4. discarded multi-axial assessment 5. diagnostic specificity 6. harmonization with ICD-11 Criticisms of classification 1. irelevent 2. loss of info 3. ignore diffs 4. labelling controversy a)shapes perceptions b) prejudicial treatment c) foster self-fulfilling prophecy 5. forces clinicians make distinctions that are not supported, that have major treatment implications, including drug prescriptions and the availability of health insurance coverage Criticisms of diagnostic practice distinct entity vs. continuum approach -low inter rater reliability -poor vadility -diagnostic bias inter-rater reliability two judges agress about an event validity degree that a techique measures what it's designed to measure Diagnostic bias expectation of clients sex, race, and SES (ROSENHAN, 1973, pseudo-patients) Clinical Assessment process of gathering infor to diagnose, plan treatment and predict future course of disorder Theoretical orientation assessment tools Types of clinical assessments 1.Clincial intake interviews 2. clinical tests 3. Projective tests (rorschach, thematic apperception) 4. personality inventories 5. other self-report inventories 6. Intelligence tests 7. neuropsycholgical tests (subtests of wais/wais-r and halstea-reitan neuropsychological battery) 8. neurological tests (CAT Scan/EEG) 9. behavioural assessment (direct observation of behaviour/self-monitoring/behavioural checklists) 10. physiological measurement (bodily changes e.g skin, heart, muscle, blood flow, brainwaves that accompany psychological events) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - 8 clincial scales hondriasis 2. depression 3. hysteria 4. psychopathic deviance 5. paranoia 6. psychasthenia (fears/compulsion) 7. schizophrenia clinical tests (Standardisation) 1. Reliability a)test-retest b)alternative-form c) internal d)inter-rater 2. validity a)face b)predictive c) concurrent d) content e) construct personality inventories 1. MMPI ornia psychological invenotry 3. 16 personality factor Q 4. eysenck personality inventory other self-report inventories 1. affective l skill 3. cognitive 4. reinforcement limitations a) no check on accuracy of responses b)few subjected to standardisation, reliability and validity procedures Intelligence tests limitations a) unrelated factors to intelligence can alter performance b)cultural bias c) tests measure based psychologists perception of intelligence d) predict who will succeed in edu system) Scientist- Practitioner Aprroach research findings that guide assessment, diagnosis and treatment of people with mental health disorders (empirically supported assessment and treatment straegies) Models explained? 1. origin of abnormal behaviour 2. how to treat 3. how to prevent Models 1. representations of the real world designed to help clarify it 2. hypotheses drived from them 5 models of psychopathology 1. Biological (pysiological, neuro-chemical factors) 2. Psychodynamic (internal unconscious factors) 3. Humanistic/existential (internal conscious factors) 4. Behavioural (interaction of social and psychological factors) 5. Cognitive (cognitions) (no simple examination of reasons by behaviours) More inclusive holistic frameworks 1. Biopsychosocial model 2. Contextual behavioural science Biomedical Model Genetics as aetiology environment interactions (pedigree, twins, adoptions, molecular genetics) Biomedical Model aetiologies 1. biochemistry 2. neuroanatomy 3. endocrine system Biomedical Model- Biochemisty -drug therapies increase/decrease flow off neurotransmitters -excesses or deficiencies in neurotransmitter systems -effect of nerotrans acitively are more general/less specific -4 neurotransmitter systems neurotransmitters (signals from terminal button to receptor neurons) The 4 neurotransmitter systems 1. serotonin 2. gamma aminobutyric acid (gaba) 3. norepinephrine 4. dopamine Serotonin regulates behaviour, moods and thought processes low serotonin agression suicide impulsive overeating excessive sexual behaviour drugs that effect serotonin lic antidepressants 2. serontonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, prozac) 3. st john's-wort Gamma Aminobutyric acid (gaba) -inhibits a variety of behaviours and emotions -reduce overall arousal -reduces anxiety Drugs that effect gaba benzodiazepines make it easier for the acid to attach to receptors of specialised neurons Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) -secreted by the andrenal glands -circuits in the CNS -controls basic bodily functions, respiration (hindbrain) -influences emergyency reactions in threat situations (other circuit) Dopamine (catecholamine) circuits merge and cross with serotonin circuits and influence behaviours -dopamine hypotheiss re schisophrenic Major brain structures 1. hindbrain 2. midbrain 3. forebrain Hindbrain bodily functions involved in sustaining life, regulation of stages of sleep midbrain involved in the control of some motor activities (fight/sex), regulation of sleep forebrain -sensory, emotional, cognitive functioning -limbic system Biomedical Model- Neuroanatomy disorder by damage of specific areas Biomedical Model- Endrocrine System Endocrine organs produce hormones that have messages that flow into blood stream -help regulate physiological processes -co-ordinate internal bodily processes with external events what can cause temporary or permanent dysfunction in the endocrine system? prolonged stress what are endocrine organs? thyroid, pituitary, adrenal and gonadal glands Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-cortical axis (HYPAC axis) -hypothalamus/endocrine systems -hypothalamus connects to adjacent pituitary gland that stimulates the cortical part of adrenal glands which surge epinephrine get body ready for threat and produce stress hormone cortisol Pituitary gland master/co -ordinator of endocrine system (stimulars adrenal glands) See 283 more Add or remove terms You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them