Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions & Answers(GRADED A)

Pathophysiology Final Exam Review: l l l l




Questions&Answers l




When discussing causes of hypernatremia (elevated serum sodium), it is
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correct to include: Select all that apply.A)l l l l l l l l


Excessive free water intake. l l l


B) Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution.C) O
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ver secretion of the hormone aldosterone.
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D) Cushing syndrome. l


E) Ingesting large amounts of dietary sodium.(A l l l l l l


ns-B,C,&D

High sodium can be caused by inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline
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(sodium bicarbonate in cardiac arrest), over secretion of aldosterone,and Cushi
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ng syndrome (increased secretion of ACTH). An excessive free water intake will
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actually cause hyponatremia, or low sodium, due to sodium dilution in the blood.
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High amounts of dietary sodium rarely cause hypernatremia
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When discussing common clinical manifestations of hypokalemia (lowserum p
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otassium), it is correct to state that: Select all that apply. l l l l l l l l l l


A) carbohydrate metabolism is affected due to decreased insulin secretion.B) r
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enal function is impaired. l l l


C) neuromuscular excitability is decreased. D
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) skeletal muscle contractility is increased.E) s
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mooth muscle tone is increased. l l l l


(Ans-A, B, & C
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Rationale: Carbohydrate metabolism is affected secondary to decreasedins
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ulin secretion. Renal function may be impaired, and renal tubular atrophy and
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fibrosis may occur. Skeletal muscle will be weak, as neuromuscular excitabili
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ty is decreased. Loss of smooth muscle tone is
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,manifested by constipation, intestinal distention, anorexia, nausea,vomiting, a
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nd paralytic ileus (paralysis of the intestinal muscles)
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Water moves between the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluidcompartment
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s principally by
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(Ans-Osmosis

Buffers are substances that can absorb excessive acid or base without asignifi
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cant
change in what( l l l


Ans-pH

Metabolic acidosis is caused by l l l l


(Ans-
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an increase in noncarbonic acids or loss ofbicarbon
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ate from the extracellular fluid.
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Metabolic alkalosis occurs with an increase in bicarbonate usually causedby los
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metabolic acids from conditions such as l l l l l


(Ans-
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vomiting or gastrointestinal suctioning or from excessive bicarbonate intake,
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hyperaldosteronism, and diuretic therapy, which increase plasmabicarbonat l l l l l l l


e.

Respiratory acidosis occurs with a l l l l


(Ans-
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decrease in alveolar ventilation, which in turn causes hypercapniaand increase
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s in carbonic acid concentration.
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Respiratory alkalosis occurs with( l l l l


Ans-
alveolar hyperventilation and excessive reduction of carbon dioxide, orhypoca
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pnia with decreases in carbonic acid.
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, Hypercalcemia can be caused by a number of diseases, including(An l l l l l l l l l l


s-
hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases, sarcoidosis, and excess vitamin D. l l l l l l l




Hypocalcemia is related to( l l l l


Ans-
inadequate intestinal absorption, deposition of calcium into bone or soft tissue, bl
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ood administration, or decreased parathyroid hormone and vitaminD levels.
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1 liter of water is equal to how many pounds(lbs)?(An
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s-2.2lbs

Total Water Weight is
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(Ans-42L x 2.2lbs = 92.4 lbs [1/3 (33%) ECF & 2/3 (66%) ICF]
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Pernicious anemia is also called l l l l


(Ans-Vitamin B12 Deficiency
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Pernicious anemia is due to l l l l


(Ans-loss of parietal cells in the stomach (gastric mucosa).
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Parietal cells are needed to produce the intrinsic factors that are needed toabsor
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b
(Ans-Dietary B12
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True or False: Our body makes B12(A
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ns-FALSE

Our Body does NOT make B12!
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Individuals who would be at risk for B12 deficiency include
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(Ans-Anyone with stomach / GI issues
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