Pathophysiology Final Exam Review: l l l l
Questions&Answers l
When discussing causes of hypernatremia (elevated serum sodium), it is
l l l l l l l l l
correct to include: Select all that apply.A)l l l l l l l l
Excessive free water intake. l l l
B) Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution.C) O
l l l l l l l l
ver secretion of the hormone aldosterone.
l l l l l
D) Cushing syndrome. l
E) Ingesting large amounts of dietary sodium.(A l l l l l l
ns-B,C,&D
High sodium can be caused by inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline
l l l l l l l l l l l
(sodium bicarbonate in cardiac arrest), over secretion of aldosterone,and Cushi
l l l l l l l l l l
ng syndrome (increased secretion of ACTH). An excessive free water intake will
l l l l l l l l l l l l
actually cause hyponatremia, or low sodium, due to sodium dilution in the blood.
l l l l l l l l l l l l l
High amounts of dietary sodium rarely cause hypernatremia
l l l l l l l
When discussing common clinical manifestations of hypokalemia (lowserum p
l l l l l l l l l
otassium), it is correct to state that: Select all that apply. l l l l l l l l l l
A) carbohydrate metabolism is affected due to decreased insulin secretion.B) r
l l l l l l l l l l l
enal function is impaired. l l l
C) neuromuscular excitability is decreased. D
l l l l l
) skeletal muscle contractility is increased.E) s
l l l l l l l
mooth muscle tone is increased. l l l l
(Ans-A, B, & C
l l l l
Rationale: Carbohydrate metabolism is affected secondary to decreasedins
l l l l l l l l
ulin secretion. Renal function may be impaired, and renal tubular atrophy and
l l l l l l l l l l l l
fibrosis may occur. Skeletal muscle will be weak, as neuromuscular excitabili
l l l l l l l l l l
ty is decreased. Loss of smooth muscle tone is
l l l l l l l l
,manifested by constipation, intestinal distention, anorexia, nausea,vomiting, a
l l l l l l l l
nd paralytic ileus (paralysis of the intestinal muscles)
l l l l l l l
Water moves between the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluidcompartment
l l l l l l l l l
s principally by
l l
(Ans-Osmosis
Buffers are substances that can absorb excessive acid or base without asignifi
l l l l l l l l l l l l
cant
change in what( l l l
Ans-pH
Metabolic acidosis is caused by l l l l
(Ans-
l
an increase in noncarbonic acids or loss ofbicarbon
l l l l l l l l
ate from the extracellular fluid.
l l l l
Metabolic alkalosis occurs with an increase in bicarbonate usually causedby los
l l l l l l l l l l l
s ofl
metabolic acids from conditions such as l l l l l
(Ans-
l
vomiting or gastrointestinal suctioning or from excessive bicarbonate intake,
l l l l l l l l l
hyperaldosteronism, and diuretic therapy, which increase plasmabicarbonat l l l l l l l
e.
Respiratory acidosis occurs with a l l l l
(Ans-
l
decrease in alveolar ventilation, which in turn causes hypercapniaand increase
l l l l l l l l l l
s in carbonic acid concentration.
l l l l
Respiratory alkalosis occurs with( l l l l
Ans-
alveolar hyperventilation and excessive reduction of carbon dioxide, orhypoca
l l l l l l l l l
pnia with decreases in carbonic acid.
l l l l l
, Hypercalcemia can be caused by a number of diseases, including(An l l l l l l l l l l
s-
hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases, sarcoidosis, and excess vitamin D. l l l l l l l
Hypocalcemia is related to( l l l l
Ans-
inadequate intestinal absorption, deposition of calcium into bone or soft tissue, bl
l l l l l l l l l l l
ood administration, or decreased parathyroid hormone and vitaminD levels.
l l l l l l l l l
1 liter of water is equal to how many pounds(lbs)?(An
l l l l l l l l l l
s-2.2lbs
Total Water Weight is
l l l
(Ans-42L x 2.2lbs = 92.4 lbs [1/3 (33%) ECF & 2/3 (66%) ICF]
l l l l l l l l l l l l
Pernicious anemia is also called l l l l
(Ans-Vitamin B12 Deficiency
l l l
Pernicious anemia is due to l l l l
(Ans-loss of parietal cells in the stomach (gastric mucosa).
l l l l l l l l l
Parietal cells are needed to produce the intrinsic factors that are needed toabsor
l l l l l l l l l l l l l
b
(Ans-Dietary B12
l l
True or False: Our body makes B12(A
l l l l l l l
ns-FALSE
Our Body does NOT make B12!
l l l l l
Individuals who would be at risk for B12 deficiency include
l l l l l l l l l
(Ans-Anyone with stomach / GI issues
l l l l l l
Questions&Answers l
When discussing causes of hypernatremia (elevated serum sodium), it is
l l l l l l l l l
correct to include: Select all that apply.A)l l l l l l l l
Excessive free water intake. l l l
B) Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution.C) O
l l l l l l l l
ver secretion of the hormone aldosterone.
l l l l l
D) Cushing syndrome. l
E) Ingesting large amounts of dietary sodium.(A l l l l l l
ns-B,C,&D
High sodium can be caused by inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline
l l l l l l l l l l l
(sodium bicarbonate in cardiac arrest), over secretion of aldosterone,and Cushi
l l l l l l l l l l
ng syndrome (increased secretion of ACTH). An excessive free water intake will
l l l l l l l l l l l l
actually cause hyponatremia, or low sodium, due to sodium dilution in the blood.
l l l l l l l l l l l l l
High amounts of dietary sodium rarely cause hypernatremia
l l l l l l l
When discussing common clinical manifestations of hypokalemia (lowserum p
l l l l l l l l l
otassium), it is correct to state that: Select all that apply. l l l l l l l l l l
A) carbohydrate metabolism is affected due to decreased insulin secretion.B) r
l l l l l l l l l l l
enal function is impaired. l l l
C) neuromuscular excitability is decreased. D
l l l l l
) skeletal muscle contractility is increased.E) s
l l l l l l l
mooth muscle tone is increased. l l l l
(Ans-A, B, & C
l l l l
Rationale: Carbohydrate metabolism is affected secondary to decreasedins
l l l l l l l l
ulin secretion. Renal function may be impaired, and renal tubular atrophy and
l l l l l l l l l l l l
fibrosis may occur. Skeletal muscle will be weak, as neuromuscular excitabili
l l l l l l l l l l
ty is decreased. Loss of smooth muscle tone is
l l l l l l l l
,manifested by constipation, intestinal distention, anorexia, nausea,vomiting, a
l l l l l l l l
nd paralytic ileus (paralysis of the intestinal muscles)
l l l l l l l
Water moves between the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluidcompartment
l l l l l l l l l
s principally by
l l
(Ans-Osmosis
Buffers are substances that can absorb excessive acid or base without asignifi
l l l l l l l l l l l l
cant
change in what( l l l
Ans-pH
Metabolic acidosis is caused by l l l l
(Ans-
l
an increase in noncarbonic acids or loss ofbicarbon
l l l l l l l l
ate from the extracellular fluid.
l l l l
Metabolic alkalosis occurs with an increase in bicarbonate usually causedby los
l l l l l l l l l l l
s ofl
metabolic acids from conditions such as l l l l l
(Ans-
l
vomiting or gastrointestinal suctioning or from excessive bicarbonate intake,
l l l l l l l l l
hyperaldosteronism, and diuretic therapy, which increase plasmabicarbonat l l l l l l l
e.
Respiratory acidosis occurs with a l l l l
(Ans-
l
decrease in alveolar ventilation, which in turn causes hypercapniaand increase
l l l l l l l l l l
s in carbonic acid concentration.
l l l l
Respiratory alkalosis occurs with( l l l l
Ans-
alveolar hyperventilation and excessive reduction of carbon dioxide, orhypoca
l l l l l l l l l
pnia with decreases in carbonic acid.
l l l l l
, Hypercalcemia can be caused by a number of diseases, including(An l l l l l l l l l l
s-
hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases, sarcoidosis, and excess vitamin D. l l l l l l l
Hypocalcemia is related to( l l l l
Ans-
inadequate intestinal absorption, deposition of calcium into bone or soft tissue, bl
l l l l l l l l l l l
ood administration, or decreased parathyroid hormone and vitaminD levels.
l l l l l l l l l
1 liter of water is equal to how many pounds(lbs)?(An
l l l l l l l l l l
s-2.2lbs
Total Water Weight is
l l l
(Ans-42L x 2.2lbs = 92.4 lbs [1/3 (33%) ECF & 2/3 (66%) ICF]
l l l l l l l l l l l l
Pernicious anemia is also called l l l l
(Ans-Vitamin B12 Deficiency
l l l
Pernicious anemia is due to l l l l
(Ans-loss of parietal cells in the stomach (gastric mucosa).
l l l l l l l l l
Parietal cells are needed to produce the intrinsic factors that are needed toabsor
l l l l l l l l l l l l l
b
(Ans-Dietary B12
l l
True or False: Our body makes B12(A
l l l l l l l
ns-FALSE
Our Body does NOT make B12!
l l l l l
Individuals who would be at risk for B12 deficiency include
l l l l l l l l l
(Ans-Anyone with stomach / GI issues
l l l l l l
