5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6f3jjw
1. List the roles plants play in a healthy aquatic ecosystem.: -producing oxygen
-preventing shoreline erosion
-lessening excess nutrients during growing season
-stabilizing lake bottom
-providing food and habitat for fish, waterfowl, and other aquatic animals
2. List ways that excessive plant growth can adversely affect the ecology and
uses of a water body.: -harm ecology of aquatic ecosystem
-curtail or prevent recreational water uses (e.g. fishing, boating, swimming)
-impart tastes or odors to drinking water
-hamper water treatment operations
-adversely affect aesthetics, resort trade, and waterfront property values
-produce toxins that harm animals drinking the water
3. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential
problems caused by: Emergent aquatic plants: -*growth habits*: rooted in shal-
low water, most growth above water
-*means of dispersal*: underground root systems
-*potential problems*: very dense and may exclude recreational pursuits like boating,
fishing, and swimming. Purple loosestrife is an example of a problem species.
4. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and poten-
tial problems caused by: Submergent aquatic plants (both pondweeds and
plants with whorled leaves): -*growth habits*: grow mostly under water surface,
pondweeds sometimes have floating leaves in addition to their submerged leaves;
whorled-leaf plants grow underwater with whorled leaf attachments
-*means of dispersal*: pondweeds have extensive root systems, runners, and can
also reproduce from seeds; plants with whorled leaves can disperse when uprooted
by breaking free and getting moved by the wind
-*potential problems*: most pondweeds not nuisance except for curlyleaf pondweed
and sometimes sago pondweed; whorled leaf plants can uproot and break free
easily and drift with wind to clutter shoreline; Eurasian watermilfoil is an aggressive
non-native that can affect habitat and restrict recreation. Raking is required to
remove these clutters.
5. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential
problems caused by: Free-floating and rooted floating-leaved aquatic plants-
: -*growth habits*: occur on water surface and can be free-floating or rooted with
large floating leaves
-*means of dispersal*: free floating plants are easily windblown. rooted ones not so
much
-*potential problems*: free-floating plants accumulate on shorelines and are difficult
to control in large waterbodies; rooted plants are rarely a nuisance.
, 5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6f3jjw
6. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential
problems caused by: Free-floating, filamentous, and "rooted" algae: -*growth
habits*: found free-floating (planktonic) or attached to submerged surfaces (filamen-
tous or "rooted").
-*means of dispersal*: multiply rapidly in warm weather;
-*potential problems*: free-floating algae responsible for many nuisance algal
blooms (release toxin, low DO, blue-green algae); removing rooted algae can allow
worse species to come in so don't mess with them.
7. List the advantages and disadvantages of chemical control of aquatic plants
and algae: *Advantages*:
-offer longer-lasting control than some mechanical methods
-less physical labor
-ultimately cost less
-important tool for specific nuisance plants/algae such as Eurasian watermilfoil and
purple loosestrife
*Disadvantages*:
-restrictions on water use
-oxygen depletion and fish kills
-sudden nutrient release into water can lead to other plant or algae problems
-risk to people and nontarget organisms
8. Describe the beneficial roles of Wisconsin's fish populations.: -maintain
balanced communities by feeding on aquatic plants, insects, and other fish & provide
a food source for natural predators
-fishing for food/sport is popular in WI and ddepends on healthy populations
-fish farms and hatcheries raise fish for food, feed, fertilizer, bait, and to release
9. List 5 types of situations in which fish control may be warranted: -eliminating
undesirable or competing fish from fish rearing ponds
-removing exotic and other undesirable species from a waterbody
-thinning stunted fish to bring a population into balance
-eliminating fish from a hatchery water supply to prevent a potential reservoir of
disease-causing organisms
-treating fish spawning sites to prevent overpopulation of an individual species
10. Explain why post-treatment management can be important in the
long-term success of a pesticide treatment project.: -because when fish pop-
ulations are lowered, density-dependent population growth allows the population to
rebound if not managed post-treatment
11. Know the Law: Who do you need to get approval from to conduct any chem-
ical treatment for fish control?: WI DNR Aquatic Plant Management Program
, 5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6f3jjw
12. List the 2 main reasons why mosquito control may be warranted.: -nuisance
-disease
13. Describe the 4 stages of the mosquito life cycle, including the main struc-
tural features of each: -*egg*: laid in water, hatch in ~3 days, some laid on dry land
and hatch when flooded
-*larva*: "wiggler", 4 instars with molting in between each, filterers, air tube to breath
from surface
-*pupa*: comma shaped, non-feeding, lasts a few days, contain respiratory trumpets,
"tumblers"
-*adult*: 1 pair wings, elongated probiscis, pair of antennae, males have bushy
antennae while females have short and sparse antennae
14. List the types of info you need about a mosquito species before you can
develop an effective program to control it.: -the types and locations of breeding
sites
-# of generations per year
-host preference of the females (what animals they prefer to get blood from)
-seasonal population levels and how rainfall affects them
-their flight range
-common resting areas
-whether the species can transmit pathogens that may be present in your area
-whether the mosquitoes carry pathogens that are present in wildlife populations
15. Describe the habits of Aedes triseriatus, Aedes vexans, and Culex pipiens
species of mosquitoes.: -*Aedes triseriatus*: tree-hole mosquito; breeds in old
tires, tin cans, barrels, tree holes and stumps; several generations per year; main
vector of La Crosse encephalitis
-*Aedes vexans*: most common pest species in state from late spring-late fall; "in-
land floodwater mosquito"; larvae in roadside puddles, woodland pools, temporary
pools, and river bottoms; continuous breeding in wet years; survives winter and dry
periods in egg stage; adults migrate 15-20 miles or more from breeding sites and can
live for 3-4 weeks; eggs dormant for up to 5 years before flooding prompts hatching
-*Culex pipiens*: breed in temporary or permanent pools that are high in OM
like ditches or sewage lagoons; females lay eggs in rafts and eggs hatch quickly;
responsible for St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile Virus.
-Both Aedes triseriatus and Culex pipiens breed in "backyard sites" like bird baths,
ponds, tree holes, buckets, tires, and rain barrels.
16. List the 3 main mosquito-transmitted diseases that occur in WI and know
the mosquito vector for each.: -*La Crosse Encephalitis*: Aedes triseriatus
-*West Nile Virus*: Culex pipiens
-*Dog Heartworm*: Aedes vexans
, 5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6f3jjw
17. Define the word pesticide and explain how the word differs from specific
types of pesticides.: -*Pesticide*: any substance used to directly control pest
populations or to prevent or reduce pest damage
-'pesticide' is broad and refers to the killing of any pests. insecticide, fungicide, and
herbicide are specific.
18. Discuss and explain some of the general characteristics of pesticides.: -
-*Mode of Action*: the way a chemical kills or harms target pest; classes of pesticides
often have same MOA; switching up MOAs in treating pests reduces pest resistance
to pesticide
-*Selectivity*: broad vs. narrow-spectrum; broad spectrum kills several different pest
types with sufficient dose; narrow spectrum kill only few related pests while not
harming others and may control only certain species or life stages.
-*Persistence*: how long they remain active to control pests; Residual pesticides
control for weeks/months/yrs
-*Contact vs. Systemic*: systemic are absorbed and translocated/transported within
a plant/animal; contact must directly touch pest or a site that the pest frequents
19. Contrast the difference between organic, inorganic and microbial pesti-
cides.: -*organic*: most pesticides are this; most are synthetic; extremely effective;
specific; principal focus of health/envtl concerns; commonly associated with prob-
lems of pesticide use/misuse
-*inorganic*: derived from minerals; silica aerogel, boric acid, borates, diatomaceous
earth, copper, sulfur; some have been banned for health/envtl concerns; used mainly
for plant diseases and algicides; non-specific and less effective than organics
-*microbial*: cause disease in pests; Bt products (Bacillus thuringiensis); ag and
home gardens; one effective against mosquito larvae; high level of control may be
possible; highly specific, harmless to other species
20. Explain the difference between the different types of pesticide names.: -
-*Active Ingredient*: the part of product that has pesticide activity
-*Trade Names*: name given to commercial formulation of active ingredient; "brand";
sometimes same as common
-*Common Names*: active ingredients also have common name; appear on label on
same line with or just before chemical name
-*Chemical Names*: active ingredient given chemical name; long, hard to pronounce
-common and chemical name always refer to specific active ingredient and don't
change with brands.
21. Outline the characteristics of the insecticide groups discussed in this
chapter.: -_*Synthetic Organic Insecticides*_: most widely used; 1)_organophos-
phates_ (widely used, broad spectrum, non-residual, don't accumulate in non-target
orgs) 2)_pyrethroids_ (synthetic, low toxicity to mammals, except cats, permethrin,
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6f3jjw
1. List the roles plants play in a healthy aquatic ecosystem.: -producing oxygen
-preventing shoreline erosion
-lessening excess nutrients during growing season
-stabilizing lake bottom
-providing food and habitat for fish, waterfowl, and other aquatic animals
2. List ways that excessive plant growth can adversely affect the ecology and
uses of a water body.: -harm ecology of aquatic ecosystem
-curtail or prevent recreational water uses (e.g. fishing, boating, swimming)
-impart tastes or odors to drinking water
-hamper water treatment operations
-adversely affect aesthetics, resort trade, and waterfront property values
-produce toxins that harm animals drinking the water
3. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential
problems caused by: Emergent aquatic plants: -*growth habits*: rooted in shal-
low water, most growth above water
-*means of dispersal*: underground root systems
-*potential problems*: very dense and may exclude recreational pursuits like boating,
fishing, and swimming. Purple loosestrife is an example of a problem species.
4. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and poten-
tial problems caused by: Submergent aquatic plants (both pondweeds and
plants with whorled leaves): -*growth habits*: grow mostly under water surface,
pondweeds sometimes have floating leaves in addition to their submerged leaves;
whorled-leaf plants grow underwater with whorled leaf attachments
-*means of dispersal*: pondweeds have extensive root systems, runners, and can
also reproduce from seeds; plants with whorled leaves can disperse when uprooted
by breaking free and getting moved by the wind
-*potential problems*: most pondweeds not nuisance except for curlyleaf pondweed
and sometimes sago pondweed; whorled leaf plants can uproot and break free
easily and drift with wind to clutter shoreline; Eurasian watermilfoil is an aggressive
non-native that can affect habitat and restrict recreation. Raking is required to
remove these clutters.
5. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential
problems caused by: Free-floating and rooted floating-leaved aquatic plants-
: -*growth habits*: occur on water surface and can be free-floating or rooted with
large floating leaves
-*means of dispersal*: free floating plants are easily windblown. rooted ones not so
much
-*potential problems*: free-floating plants accumulate on shorelines and are difficult
to control in large waterbodies; rooted plants are rarely a nuisance.
, 5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6f3jjw
6. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential
problems caused by: Free-floating, filamentous, and "rooted" algae: -*growth
habits*: found free-floating (planktonic) or attached to submerged surfaces (filamen-
tous or "rooted").
-*means of dispersal*: multiply rapidly in warm weather;
-*potential problems*: free-floating algae responsible for many nuisance algal
blooms (release toxin, low DO, blue-green algae); removing rooted algae can allow
worse species to come in so don't mess with them.
7. List the advantages and disadvantages of chemical control of aquatic plants
and algae: *Advantages*:
-offer longer-lasting control than some mechanical methods
-less physical labor
-ultimately cost less
-important tool for specific nuisance plants/algae such as Eurasian watermilfoil and
purple loosestrife
*Disadvantages*:
-restrictions on water use
-oxygen depletion and fish kills
-sudden nutrient release into water can lead to other plant or algae problems
-risk to people and nontarget organisms
8. Describe the beneficial roles of Wisconsin's fish populations.: -maintain
balanced communities by feeding on aquatic plants, insects, and other fish & provide
a food source for natural predators
-fishing for food/sport is popular in WI and ddepends on healthy populations
-fish farms and hatcheries raise fish for food, feed, fertilizer, bait, and to release
9. List 5 types of situations in which fish control may be warranted: -eliminating
undesirable or competing fish from fish rearing ponds
-removing exotic and other undesirable species from a waterbody
-thinning stunted fish to bring a population into balance
-eliminating fish from a hatchery water supply to prevent a potential reservoir of
disease-causing organisms
-treating fish spawning sites to prevent overpopulation of an individual species
10. Explain why post-treatment management can be important in the
long-term success of a pesticide treatment project.: -because when fish pop-
ulations are lowered, density-dependent population growth allows the population to
rebound if not managed post-treatment
11. Know the Law: Who do you need to get approval from to conduct any chem-
ical treatment for fish control?: WI DNR Aquatic Plant Management Program
, 5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6f3jjw
12. List the 2 main reasons why mosquito control may be warranted.: -nuisance
-disease
13. Describe the 4 stages of the mosquito life cycle, including the main struc-
tural features of each: -*egg*: laid in water, hatch in ~3 days, some laid on dry land
and hatch when flooded
-*larva*: "wiggler", 4 instars with molting in between each, filterers, air tube to breath
from surface
-*pupa*: comma shaped, non-feeding, lasts a few days, contain respiratory trumpets,
"tumblers"
-*adult*: 1 pair wings, elongated probiscis, pair of antennae, males have bushy
antennae while females have short and sparse antennae
14. List the types of info you need about a mosquito species before you can
develop an effective program to control it.: -the types and locations of breeding
sites
-# of generations per year
-host preference of the females (what animals they prefer to get blood from)
-seasonal population levels and how rainfall affects them
-their flight range
-common resting areas
-whether the species can transmit pathogens that may be present in your area
-whether the mosquitoes carry pathogens that are present in wildlife populations
15. Describe the habits of Aedes triseriatus, Aedes vexans, and Culex pipiens
species of mosquitoes.: -*Aedes triseriatus*: tree-hole mosquito; breeds in old
tires, tin cans, barrels, tree holes and stumps; several generations per year; main
vector of La Crosse encephalitis
-*Aedes vexans*: most common pest species in state from late spring-late fall; "in-
land floodwater mosquito"; larvae in roadside puddles, woodland pools, temporary
pools, and river bottoms; continuous breeding in wet years; survives winter and dry
periods in egg stage; adults migrate 15-20 miles or more from breeding sites and can
live for 3-4 weeks; eggs dormant for up to 5 years before flooding prompts hatching
-*Culex pipiens*: breed in temporary or permanent pools that are high in OM
like ditches or sewage lagoons; females lay eggs in rafts and eggs hatch quickly;
responsible for St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile Virus.
-Both Aedes triseriatus and Culex pipiens breed in "backyard sites" like bird baths,
ponds, tree holes, buckets, tires, and rain barrels.
16. List the 3 main mosquito-transmitted diseases that occur in WI and know
the mosquito vector for each.: -*La Crosse Encephalitis*: Aedes triseriatus
-*West Nile Virus*: Culex pipiens
-*Dog Heartworm*: Aedes vexans
, 5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6f3jjw
17. Define the word pesticide and explain how the word differs from specific
types of pesticides.: -*Pesticide*: any substance used to directly control pest
populations or to prevent or reduce pest damage
-'pesticide' is broad and refers to the killing of any pests. insecticide, fungicide, and
herbicide are specific.
18. Discuss and explain some of the general characteristics of pesticides.: -
-*Mode of Action*: the way a chemical kills or harms target pest; classes of pesticides
often have same MOA; switching up MOAs in treating pests reduces pest resistance
to pesticide
-*Selectivity*: broad vs. narrow-spectrum; broad spectrum kills several different pest
types with sufficient dose; narrow spectrum kill only few related pests while not
harming others and may control only certain species or life stages.
-*Persistence*: how long they remain active to control pests; Residual pesticides
control for weeks/months/yrs
-*Contact vs. Systemic*: systemic are absorbed and translocated/transported within
a plant/animal; contact must directly touch pest or a site that the pest frequents
19. Contrast the difference between organic, inorganic and microbial pesti-
cides.: -*organic*: most pesticides are this; most are synthetic; extremely effective;
specific; principal focus of health/envtl concerns; commonly associated with prob-
lems of pesticide use/misuse
-*inorganic*: derived from minerals; silica aerogel, boric acid, borates, diatomaceous
earth, copper, sulfur; some have been banned for health/envtl concerns; used mainly
for plant diseases and algicides; non-specific and less effective than organics
-*microbial*: cause disease in pests; Bt products (Bacillus thuringiensis); ag and
home gardens; one effective against mosquito larvae; high level of control may be
possible; highly specific, harmless to other species
20. Explain the difference between the different types of pesticide names.: -
-*Active Ingredient*: the part of product that has pesticide activity
-*Trade Names*: name given to commercial formulation of active ingredient; "brand";
sometimes same as common
-*Common Names*: active ingredients also have common name; appear on label on
same line with or just before chemical name
-*Chemical Names*: active ingredient given chemical name; long, hard to pronounce
-common and chemical name always refer to specific active ingredient and don't
change with brands.
21. Outline the characteristics of the insecticide groups discussed in this
chapter.: -_*Synthetic Organic Insecticides*_: most widely used; 1)_organophos-
phates_ (widely used, broad spectrum, non-residual, don't accumulate in non-target
orgs) 2)_pyrethroids_ (synthetic, low toxicity to mammals, except cats, permethrin,
