MHA 707 Exam D
opening of 20th century - ✅✅ --doctors were solo practitioners
-hospitals were single, independent entities, mostly non-profit
-long term care for the elderly was largely home-based
-pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing was a small business
1847 -✅✅-founding of American Medical Association (AMA)
AMA - ✅✅--established standards for preliminary medical education for the
degree of MD
-Code of medical ethics
-recommended use of anesthetic agents for surgery and obstetrics
-noted the dangers of secret remedies (snake oil) and patent medicines
-recommended that state governments register births, marriages, and deaths
✅✅
advances that made practice of medicine more successful in treating health
problems - --improvements in surgery made during the civil war
-application to medicine of advances in bacteriology by scientists such as louis
pasteur
✅✅
provided the start for some of the largest names in the modern pharmaceutical
industry : wyeth, pfizer, squibb - -demand for therapeutics fueled by the
civil war
1861 - ✅✅-founding U.S. nursing corps
nursing corps - ✅✅--created ambulance-to-emergency room system we
know today
-established hierarchy of treatment stations to type of hospital facilities
1899 -✅✅-founding of association of hospital superintendents
Association of hospital superintendents became - ✅✅-American hospital
association (AHA)
1900 - ✅✅-adoption of the Bertillon or International List of Causes of Death
Bertillon or International List of Causes of death - ✅✅--predecessor of the
international classification of diseases (ICD)
,-brought some standards and criteria in the study of diseases
both public and private sectors were involved in - ✅✅--providing health care
coverage
-building the American health care infrastructure
1811 - ✅✅ -access to health care for members of the military, vets, and fam
had become a public sector initiative
1910 - ✅✅ -early forerunners of health insurance plans appeared as
"prepaid" group practices
-plan members paid a monthly premium and received a wide range of medical
services through exclusive group of providers
1929 - ✅✅ -Blue cross plans were established to provide "prepaid" hospital
care to workers in the dallas public school system
-Baylor created it
Blue Cross Blue Shield developed nationwide due to - ✅✅-the U.S. entering
WW2 w/ caps on wages
1940s -✅✅-BCBS unified
BCBS together served - ✅✅-24M, 81 hospital plans 44 med plans
by 1960s BC had - ✅✅-52M
by 1960s BS had - ✅✅-40M
BCBS covered what percent fed employees - ✅✅-33%
BCBS offered by - ✅✅-voluntary, nonprofit companies
-established as charitable and benevolent organizations
BCBS used what to set prices for their products - ✅✅-community rating
why did BCBS use community rating - ✅✅-data was too poor to do anything
else
, community rating refers to - ✅✅ -insurance pricing whereby everyone in
same geographic area pays the same premium
-regardless of their health status, age, gender, family composition, occupation,
health behaviors such as smoking, or claims history
Experience Rating - ✅✅ -tailors policies and premiums to a particular group
or individual
-premiums are based on the insured person's prior claims, health status, and
risk of future claims as indicated by his or her age, gender, health behaviors,
and so forth
between 1965 and 1999 - ✅✅ -congress passed legislation for three groups
not covered by employer-based insurance
-medicare for 65+
-medicaid for uninsured, low income
-CHIP for uninsured, moderate income
1986 - ✅✅ -two fed health policies enacted to solve problems related to
health care coverage
-EMTALA
-HIPAA
Emergency medical treatment and labor act (EMTALA) - ✅✅ -prohibited
"dumping" by medicare participating hospitals with active emergency rooms
✅✅
Health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) - 1996 -
-brought about a number of significant improvements in access to health
coverage by mandating:
-continuity or "portability" of coverage in the private health insurance markets
-health insurance coverage for at least a two day hospital stay for women who
give birth vaginally and four days for cesarean deliveries -sponsored by texas
senator phil gramm
-mental health was given the same status as physical health by the HIPAA
legislation
HIPAA and privacy - ✅✅ --data within the medical record belongs to the
patient
-patients have the right to ensure that the info contained in their record is
accurate
-patients can petition their provider to change incorrect info
opening of 20th century - ✅✅ --doctors were solo practitioners
-hospitals were single, independent entities, mostly non-profit
-long term care for the elderly was largely home-based
-pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing was a small business
1847 -✅✅-founding of American Medical Association (AMA)
AMA - ✅✅--established standards for preliminary medical education for the
degree of MD
-Code of medical ethics
-recommended use of anesthetic agents for surgery and obstetrics
-noted the dangers of secret remedies (snake oil) and patent medicines
-recommended that state governments register births, marriages, and deaths
✅✅
advances that made practice of medicine more successful in treating health
problems - --improvements in surgery made during the civil war
-application to medicine of advances in bacteriology by scientists such as louis
pasteur
✅✅
provided the start for some of the largest names in the modern pharmaceutical
industry : wyeth, pfizer, squibb - -demand for therapeutics fueled by the
civil war
1861 - ✅✅-founding U.S. nursing corps
nursing corps - ✅✅--created ambulance-to-emergency room system we
know today
-established hierarchy of treatment stations to type of hospital facilities
1899 -✅✅-founding of association of hospital superintendents
Association of hospital superintendents became - ✅✅-American hospital
association (AHA)
1900 - ✅✅-adoption of the Bertillon or International List of Causes of Death
Bertillon or International List of Causes of death - ✅✅--predecessor of the
international classification of diseases (ICD)
,-brought some standards and criteria in the study of diseases
both public and private sectors were involved in - ✅✅--providing health care
coverage
-building the American health care infrastructure
1811 - ✅✅ -access to health care for members of the military, vets, and fam
had become a public sector initiative
1910 - ✅✅ -early forerunners of health insurance plans appeared as
"prepaid" group practices
-plan members paid a monthly premium and received a wide range of medical
services through exclusive group of providers
1929 - ✅✅ -Blue cross plans were established to provide "prepaid" hospital
care to workers in the dallas public school system
-Baylor created it
Blue Cross Blue Shield developed nationwide due to - ✅✅-the U.S. entering
WW2 w/ caps on wages
1940s -✅✅-BCBS unified
BCBS together served - ✅✅-24M, 81 hospital plans 44 med plans
by 1960s BC had - ✅✅-52M
by 1960s BS had - ✅✅-40M
BCBS covered what percent fed employees - ✅✅-33%
BCBS offered by - ✅✅-voluntary, nonprofit companies
-established as charitable and benevolent organizations
BCBS used what to set prices for their products - ✅✅-community rating
why did BCBS use community rating - ✅✅-data was too poor to do anything
else
, community rating refers to - ✅✅ -insurance pricing whereby everyone in
same geographic area pays the same premium
-regardless of their health status, age, gender, family composition, occupation,
health behaviors such as smoking, or claims history
Experience Rating - ✅✅ -tailors policies and premiums to a particular group
or individual
-premiums are based on the insured person's prior claims, health status, and
risk of future claims as indicated by his or her age, gender, health behaviors,
and so forth
between 1965 and 1999 - ✅✅ -congress passed legislation for three groups
not covered by employer-based insurance
-medicare for 65+
-medicaid for uninsured, low income
-CHIP for uninsured, moderate income
1986 - ✅✅ -two fed health policies enacted to solve problems related to
health care coverage
-EMTALA
-HIPAA
Emergency medical treatment and labor act (EMTALA) - ✅✅ -prohibited
"dumping" by medicare participating hospitals with active emergency rooms
✅✅
Health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) - 1996 -
-brought about a number of significant improvements in access to health
coverage by mandating:
-continuity or "portability" of coverage in the private health insurance markets
-health insurance coverage for at least a two day hospital stay for women who
give birth vaginally and four days for cesarean deliveries -sponsored by texas
senator phil gramm
-mental health was given the same status as physical health by the HIPAA
legislation
HIPAA and privacy - ✅✅ --data within the medical record belongs to the
patient
-patients have the right to ensure that the info contained in their record is
accurate
-patients can petition their provider to change incorrect info
