NR507/ NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct |Grade A – Chamberlain

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NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM / NR507 ADVANCED PATH
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OPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM|| ALL QUESTION p p p p



S AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRAD
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ED A+|| LATEST AND COMPLETEVERSION 2024-
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2025 WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS||ASSURED PASS
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!!!
Primary immunodeficiency - ANSWER: -
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less common and occur in result ofsingle gene defects (defect on the development o
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f the immune system)
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-this could involve antibody deficiencies, B- and T-
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cell deficiencies, defects in thephagocytic cells and deficiency of complement
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-something is lacking with the immune system p p p p p p




Ex: B- p


lymphocyte deficiency is one of the most common forms of primaryimmunodefici
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ency


Examples of primary immunodeficiency - ANSWER: -
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Chronic GranulomatousDisease of Childhood
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-DiGeorge Syndrome p




-Familial Mediterranean fever p p




-Job Syndrome p




-Common Variable Immunodeficiency p p




Secondary Immunodeficiency - ANSWER: - p p p p


conditions where the immune systembecomes compromised because of a complicatio
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n of some other physiological condition or disease
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-
can be caused by cancer, effect from a drug (chemotherapeutic agents that suppress
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immune system), and infections that compromise the immune system
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Ex: Patient with HIV gets pneumocystis carinii
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What is is a predominant cause of secondary immune deficiencies worldwide? -
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ANSWER: -malnutrition
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Examples of secondary immunodeficiency - ANSWER: -Pneumocystis Carinii
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-HIV
-PNA
-Sinus infectionp




-Lung cancer p




Hypersensitivity Type I - ANSWER: - allergic reaction p p p p p p p




-mediated by IgE p p




-mast cells are the primary effector cells involved
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-inflammation due to mast cell degranulationp p p p p




Hypersensitivity Type I symptoms - p p p p



ANSWER: Local: itching, rashSystemic: wheezing
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Hypersensitivity Type I example - p p p p


ANSWER: Most dangerous form: anaphylacticreaction -> systemic response -
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> hypertension -> severe bronchoconstriction
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Treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
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Hypersensitivity Type II - ANSWER: -cytotoxic reaction p p p p p p

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-tissue/organ specific p




-macrophages are primary effector cells involvedp p p p p




-can cause tissue damage or alter function
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Mechanism: Tissue-specific destruction or impairment because of:
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1. Antibody binding followed by lysis via complement
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2. Antibody binding followed by macrophage phagocytosis
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3. Antibody binding followed by neutrophil destruction
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4. Antibody-dependent cell (NK)-mediated cytotoxicity p p p




5. Antireceptor antibodies p




Hypersensitivity Type II examples - p p p p


ANSWER: 1. Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism): altering thyroid function, but do
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es not destroy thyroid tissue
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2. Incompatible blood type (ABO incompatibility): cell/tissue damage occurs
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-severe transfusion reaction -
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> transfused erythrocytes destroyed by agglutinationor complement-mediated lysis
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3. Drug allergies p




4. Hemolytic anemia p




Graves disease - ANSWER: -
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Autoantibodies specific for thyroid tissue impairreceptor for TSH
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ABO incompatibility - ANSWER: -
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Complement damages RBC membrane andcells lyse
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Hypersensitivity Type III - ANSWER: -NOT organ specific p p p p p p p




-
antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into theblo
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od of body fluids -> complex is then deposited in the tissues
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-organ rejection involved cytotoxicity
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-antigens from target cells stimulate T-cells to differentiate into cytotoxic T-cells
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-neutrophils are the primary effector cells p p p p p




Raynaud's phenomenon - ANSWER: - p p p p


Complex deposited in small peripheral vessels in cool temperatures leading to vasoco
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nstriction and blocked circulation p p p




Hypersensitivity Type III examples - p p p p


ANSWER: 1. Rheumatoid arthritis:antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints
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2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): antigen/antibodies deposit in organs thatc
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ause tissue damage
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3. Serum sickness p




4. Raynaud's phenomenon p




Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (autoimmune response) - ANSWER: -
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facial rashconfined to cheeks (malar rash)
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-discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
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-photosensitivity (rash developed as a result to light exposure)p p p p p p p p




-oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
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-hematologic disorders p