HESI Milestone Exam #1 (Answered)
175 Q&A. 2025/2026. 100%.
Histamine1 blockers action(mine, zine, dine)
Ex.
Loratadine
Fexofenadine
Diphenhydramine
Chlorpheniramine
Levocemtirizine
bind selectively to H1-histaminic receptors, blocking the actions of histamine at these sites
H1 antagonists are useful in treating
-mild allergies(seasonal rhinitis)
-severe allergies(anaphylaxis)
-motion sickness
-insomnia
-common cold
Histamine (H2)-Receptor Antagonists action(tidine)
Cimetidine
Ranitidine
block the H2 receptors responsible for stimulating the secretion of gastric acid
Exenatide (Byetta) hypoglycemia
-can occur right after meals
-for severe hypoglycemia give IV dextrose
Exenatide (Byetta) hypoglycemia teaching
-teach about s/s of hypoglycemia(cold and clammy give them candy)
-have glucagon emergency kit available
-regular monitoring of A1c levels are required
Exenatide (Byetta) hypoglycemia causes
-insulin overdose
-reduced food intake
-vomiting and diarrhea
-excessive alcohol intake
-unaccustomed exercise
-termination of pregnancy
signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
-tachycardia
-palpitations
,-sweating
-nervousness
-headache
-confusion
-drowsiness
-fatigue
antitussives therapeutic action is to
Act on the cough control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex; used for a cough that is
nonproductive and irritating
Anaphylaxis‐PCN
-laryngeal edema, bronchoconstriction, severe hypotension= immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Anaphylaxis treatment
epinephrine (subQ, IM, or IV) plus respiratory support
What drugs are effective and safe alternatives for patients with penicillin allergies?
vancomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin
To ensure prompt treatment if anaphylaxis should develop patients should be?
observed for at least 30 minutes after drug injection (i.e., until the risk of an anaphylactic reaction
has passed).
To minimize the chances of an anaphylactic reaction, penicillin should be administered
an initial small dose is followed at 60-minute intervals by progressively larger doses until the full
therapeutic dose has been achieved
Morphine overdose treatment
-Naloxone (narcan)
-Intravenous, IM, and subQ. For initial treatment, administer IV
CT‐diarrhea‐action
-decrease intestinal motility and thereby slow intestinal transit, which allows more time for
absorption of fluid and electrolytes
-activation of opioid receptors decreases secretion of fluid into the small intestine and increases
absorption of fluid and salt.
ACE inhibitor‐hyperkalemia
-Inhibition of aldosterone release (secondary to inhibition of angiotensin II production) can cause
potassium retention by the kidney.
-significant potassium accumulation is limited to patients taking potassium supplements, salt
substitutes (which contain potassium), or a potassium-sparing diuretic.k
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
Montelukast
Zafirlukast
, Leukotrienes‐teaching
1. To take medication 1 hour before or 2 hours after
meals
2. To increase fluid intake
3. Not to discontinue the medication and to take it as
prescribed, even during symptom-free period
Methadone therapeutic use
Relief or prevention of moderate to severe pain while causing minimal respiratory depression,
constipation, urinary retention, and other adverse effects.
methadone pain assessment
-Assess pain before administration and 1 hour later
-Determine the location, time of onset, and quality of pain (e.g., sharp, stabbing, dull)
-assess for psychologic factors that can lower pain threshold (anxiety, depression, fear, anger)
methadone is given
Oral, IM, IV, subQ, rectal, epidural, intrathecal, transdermal (fentanyl), and transmucosal (fentanyl)
Methadone assess for
-QT prolongation(dyshythmias)
-overdose
-respiratory depression
-substance abuse
-withdrawal symptoms
Methadone is used as
a replacement medication for opiate dependence and to facilitate withdrawal
When starting a patient on ACE inhibitors monitor what?
blood pressure closely for 2 hours after the first dose and periodically thereafter.
a major side effect of alpha blocker(osin) is what?
orthostatic hypotension
diclofenac does what to the liver?
cause severe injury
while taking diclofenac patients should?
-have periodic liver functions tests
-monitor and report for signs of liver damage(jaundice, fatigue, nausea)
calcium channel blockers toxicity signs
-severe hypotension
-cardiac-toxicity(bradycardia and av block)
-ventricular tachydhythmias
175 Q&A. 2025/2026. 100%.
Histamine1 blockers action(mine, zine, dine)
Ex.
Loratadine
Fexofenadine
Diphenhydramine
Chlorpheniramine
Levocemtirizine
bind selectively to H1-histaminic receptors, blocking the actions of histamine at these sites
H1 antagonists are useful in treating
-mild allergies(seasonal rhinitis)
-severe allergies(anaphylaxis)
-motion sickness
-insomnia
-common cold
Histamine (H2)-Receptor Antagonists action(tidine)
Cimetidine
Ranitidine
block the H2 receptors responsible for stimulating the secretion of gastric acid
Exenatide (Byetta) hypoglycemia
-can occur right after meals
-for severe hypoglycemia give IV dextrose
Exenatide (Byetta) hypoglycemia teaching
-teach about s/s of hypoglycemia(cold and clammy give them candy)
-have glucagon emergency kit available
-regular monitoring of A1c levels are required
Exenatide (Byetta) hypoglycemia causes
-insulin overdose
-reduced food intake
-vomiting and diarrhea
-excessive alcohol intake
-unaccustomed exercise
-termination of pregnancy
signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
-tachycardia
-palpitations
,-sweating
-nervousness
-headache
-confusion
-drowsiness
-fatigue
antitussives therapeutic action is to
Act on the cough control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex; used for a cough that is
nonproductive and irritating
Anaphylaxis‐PCN
-laryngeal edema, bronchoconstriction, severe hypotension= immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Anaphylaxis treatment
epinephrine (subQ, IM, or IV) plus respiratory support
What drugs are effective and safe alternatives for patients with penicillin allergies?
vancomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin
To ensure prompt treatment if anaphylaxis should develop patients should be?
observed for at least 30 minutes after drug injection (i.e., until the risk of an anaphylactic reaction
has passed).
To minimize the chances of an anaphylactic reaction, penicillin should be administered
an initial small dose is followed at 60-minute intervals by progressively larger doses until the full
therapeutic dose has been achieved
Morphine overdose treatment
-Naloxone (narcan)
-Intravenous, IM, and subQ. For initial treatment, administer IV
CT‐diarrhea‐action
-decrease intestinal motility and thereby slow intestinal transit, which allows more time for
absorption of fluid and electrolytes
-activation of opioid receptors decreases secretion of fluid into the small intestine and increases
absorption of fluid and salt.
ACE inhibitor‐hyperkalemia
-Inhibition of aldosterone release (secondary to inhibition of angiotensin II production) can cause
potassium retention by the kidney.
-significant potassium accumulation is limited to patients taking potassium supplements, salt
substitutes (which contain potassium), or a potassium-sparing diuretic.k
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
Montelukast
Zafirlukast
, Leukotrienes‐teaching
1. To take medication 1 hour before or 2 hours after
meals
2. To increase fluid intake
3. Not to discontinue the medication and to take it as
prescribed, even during symptom-free period
Methadone therapeutic use
Relief or prevention of moderate to severe pain while causing minimal respiratory depression,
constipation, urinary retention, and other adverse effects.
methadone pain assessment
-Assess pain before administration and 1 hour later
-Determine the location, time of onset, and quality of pain (e.g., sharp, stabbing, dull)
-assess for psychologic factors that can lower pain threshold (anxiety, depression, fear, anger)
methadone is given
Oral, IM, IV, subQ, rectal, epidural, intrathecal, transdermal (fentanyl), and transmucosal (fentanyl)
Methadone assess for
-QT prolongation(dyshythmias)
-overdose
-respiratory depression
-substance abuse
-withdrawal symptoms
Methadone is used as
a replacement medication for opiate dependence and to facilitate withdrawal
When starting a patient on ACE inhibitors monitor what?
blood pressure closely for 2 hours after the first dose and periodically thereafter.
a major side effect of alpha blocker(osin) is what?
orthostatic hypotension
diclofenac does what to the liver?
cause severe injury
while taking diclofenac patients should?
-have periodic liver functions tests
-monitor and report for signs of liver damage(jaundice, fatigue, nausea)
calcium channel blockers toxicity signs
-severe hypotension
-cardiac-toxicity(bradycardia and av block)
-ventricular tachydhythmias
