Important stuff for counselling - ANSWER -Important for client and counsellor
to be able to relate to each other and understand
-Counsellors need to be sensitive to client's backgrounds and attuned to their
own values, biases. Otherwise may misunderstand and frustrate or harm clients.
Immigrants in Canada - ANSWER About 20% of Canadian population made
up of immigrants. Many visible minorities, especially in big cities.
-A lot of ethnic variation in Canada
Aboriginal Identity (Stats Can 2008) - ANSWER refers to those persons who
reported identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, that is, North American
Indian, Metis or Inuit, and/or those who reported being a Treaty Indian or
Registered Indian, as defined by the Indian Act of Canada, and/or those who
reported they were members of an Indian band or First Nation.
Minorities and termination - ANSWER Over 50% of minority-culture clients
terminate after one session (Sue and Sue, 2003). Suggests negative experiences.
Majority client cultures terminate 30% after one session.
Culture definition - ANSWER "Ethnographic variables such as ethnicity,
nationality, religion, and language, as well as demographic variables of age,
gender, place of residence, etc. status variables such as social, economic, and
educational background and a wide range of formal or informal memberships
and affiliations (Pederson, 1990)
Broad definition of culture - ANSWER "Any group of people who identify or
associate with one another on the basis of some common purpose, need, or
similarity of background" (Axelson, 1999).
How culture impacts us - ANSWER "structures our behaviour, thoughts,
perceptions, values, goals, morals, and cognitive processes (Cohen, 1998).
Unconscious or consciously
,Shared elements of a culture - ANSWER Shared elements of a culture include
learned experiences, beliefs and values. Give coherence and meaning to life.
Physical features and/or common history or philosophy
Multicultural - ANSWER -Multicultural doesn't have a shared definition.
Previously non-discriminatory practice and diversity.
-Focus on distinct group uniquenesses and concepts that facilitate attention to
individual differences (Locke, 1998).
-Communalties in a cultural group do not tell the extent that individuals from
the group have incorporated these into their beliefs and practices.
Multicultural counselling - ANSWER counselling in which the counsellor and
the client differ (Locke). Kind of describes all counselling.
Etic perspective - ANSWER universal qualities exist in counselling that are
culturally generalizable. Criticism is that not taking important cultural
differences into account.
Emic perspective - ANSWER assumes counselling approaches must be
designed to be culturally specific. Criticism is that places too much emphasis on
specific techniques as the vehicle for client change.
Fischer's 4 conditions common to any counselling treatment - ANSWER -the
therapeutic relationship
-a shared worldview between client and counsellor
-client expectations for positive change
-interventions believed by both client and counsellor to be a means of healing
Limited support for this
Definition of multiculturalism in Canada - ANSWER Multiculturalism in
Canada refers to the presence and persistence of diverse racial and ethnic
minorities who define themselves as different and who wish to remain so.
Ideologically relatively coherent set of ideas and ideals pertaining to the
celebration of Canada's cultural diversity. At policy level is structured around
the management of diversity thorough formal initiatives in the federal,
provincial, and municipal domains. Process by which racial and ethnic
, minorities compete to obtain support from central authorities for the
achievement of certain goals and aspirations. (Dewing and Leman, 2006).
Development of Canadian society and forces - ANSWER According to library
of parliament ^, development of Canadian society having gone through three
forces.
1 Aboriginal people arrived here around 28 000 BC by crossing over the Bering
Strait
2 Charter groups arrived (French and English)
3 The arrival of racial and ethnic minorities who fall outside the charter groups
immigrated
Multiculturalism and Canada - ANSWER -Canada known as cultural mosaic
(plural cultural identities) instead of melting pot (singular cultural identity).
-Canada's first multiculturalism policy in 1971 by Trudeau.
-Immigration Act of 1967 does not discriminate based on race, national origin,
religion, or culture,
-Act for the Preservation and Enhancement of Multiculturalism in Canada
(1988) part of Canadian identity
-These seem to have worked because surveys indicate a moderately high and
continuing acceptance of the general idea of Canada remaining a culturally
-8% of Canadian pop felt out of place or uncomfortable some of the time
because of their accent, culture, ethnicity, language, race, religion or skin
colour. Racism
Cultural mosaic - ANSWER Plural cultural identities
Melting pot - ANSWER Singular cultural identity
Ethnocentrism - ANSWER the idea that people judge other cultures as less than
or inferior to their own and this judgment is often extrapolated to individuals
living in or emigrating from these other cultures.
Multicultural Counselling - ANSWER -Because of immigration and focus on
multiculturalism, concern arose in counselling on how to effectively deal with
diversity of clientele. Not something people felt adequately prepared to deal
with.
-Late 80s was when focus was heavily on multiculturalism
to be able to relate to each other and understand
-Counsellors need to be sensitive to client's backgrounds and attuned to their
own values, biases. Otherwise may misunderstand and frustrate or harm clients.
Immigrants in Canada - ANSWER About 20% of Canadian population made
up of immigrants. Many visible minorities, especially in big cities.
-A lot of ethnic variation in Canada
Aboriginal Identity (Stats Can 2008) - ANSWER refers to those persons who
reported identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, that is, North American
Indian, Metis or Inuit, and/or those who reported being a Treaty Indian or
Registered Indian, as defined by the Indian Act of Canada, and/or those who
reported they were members of an Indian band or First Nation.
Minorities and termination - ANSWER Over 50% of minority-culture clients
terminate after one session (Sue and Sue, 2003). Suggests negative experiences.
Majority client cultures terminate 30% after one session.
Culture definition - ANSWER "Ethnographic variables such as ethnicity,
nationality, religion, and language, as well as demographic variables of age,
gender, place of residence, etc. status variables such as social, economic, and
educational background and a wide range of formal or informal memberships
and affiliations (Pederson, 1990)
Broad definition of culture - ANSWER "Any group of people who identify or
associate with one another on the basis of some common purpose, need, or
similarity of background" (Axelson, 1999).
How culture impacts us - ANSWER "structures our behaviour, thoughts,
perceptions, values, goals, morals, and cognitive processes (Cohen, 1998).
Unconscious or consciously
,Shared elements of a culture - ANSWER Shared elements of a culture include
learned experiences, beliefs and values. Give coherence and meaning to life.
Physical features and/or common history or philosophy
Multicultural - ANSWER -Multicultural doesn't have a shared definition.
Previously non-discriminatory practice and diversity.
-Focus on distinct group uniquenesses and concepts that facilitate attention to
individual differences (Locke, 1998).
-Communalties in a cultural group do not tell the extent that individuals from
the group have incorporated these into their beliefs and practices.
Multicultural counselling - ANSWER counselling in which the counsellor and
the client differ (Locke). Kind of describes all counselling.
Etic perspective - ANSWER universal qualities exist in counselling that are
culturally generalizable. Criticism is that not taking important cultural
differences into account.
Emic perspective - ANSWER assumes counselling approaches must be
designed to be culturally specific. Criticism is that places too much emphasis on
specific techniques as the vehicle for client change.
Fischer's 4 conditions common to any counselling treatment - ANSWER -the
therapeutic relationship
-a shared worldview between client and counsellor
-client expectations for positive change
-interventions believed by both client and counsellor to be a means of healing
Limited support for this
Definition of multiculturalism in Canada - ANSWER Multiculturalism in
Canada refers to the presence and persistence of diverse racial and ethnic
minorities who define themselves as different and who wish to remain so.
Ideologically relatively coherent set of ideas and ideals pertaining to the
celebration of Canada's cultural diversity. At policy level is structured around
the management of diversity thorough formal initiatives in the federal,
provincial, and municipal domains. Process by which racial and ethnic
, minorities compete to obtain support from central authorities for the
achievement of certain goals and aspirations. (Dewing and Leman, 2006).
Development of Canadian society and forces - ANSWER According to library
of parliament ^, development of Canadian society having gone through three
forces.
1 Aboriginal people arrived here around 28 000 BC by crossing over the Bering
Strait
2 Charter groups arrived (French and English)
3 The arrival of racial and ethnic minorities who fall outside the charter groups
immigrated
Multiculturalism and Canada - ANSWER -Canada known as cultural mosaic
(plural cultural identities) instead of melting pot (singular cultural identity).
-Canada's first multiculturalism policy in 1971 by Trudeau.
-Immigration Act of 1967 does not discriminate based on race, national origin,
religion, or culture,
-Act for the Preservation and Enhancement of Multiculturalism in Canada
(1988) part of Canadian identity
-These seem to have worked because surveys indicate a moderately high and
continuing acceptance of the general idea of Canada remaining a culturally
-8% of Canadian pop felt out of place or uncomfortable some of the time
because of their accent, culture, ethnicity, language, race, religion or skin
colour. Racism
Cultural mosaic - ANSWER Plural cultural identities
Melting pot - ANSWER Singular cultural identity
Ethnocentrism - ANSWER the idea that people judge other cultures as less than
or inferior to their own and this judgment is often extrapolated to individuals
living in or emigrating from these other cultures.
Multicultural Counselling - ANSWER -Because of immigration and focus on
multiculturalism, concern arose in counselling on how to effectively deal with
diversity of clientele. Not something people felt adequately prepared to deal
with.
-Late 80s was when focus was heavily on multiculturalism
