Positive reinforcer - ANSWER the onset or application of an event that
increases the probability of a behaviour being repeated. An example might be
praise for good behaviour, which results in more good behaviour; it could also
be attention given to misbehaviour, which results in more misbehaviour.
Negative reinforcer - ANSWER the offset or removal of an event that increases
the probability of a behaviour being repeated. An example might be removal of
hunger pains after eating, which results in an increased likelihood that a person
will eat when hungry.
Punishment - ANSWER involves a stimulus or event that decreases the
probability of an occurrence of a behaviour. Punishment may also be positive or
negative.
Positive punishment - ANSWER involves the application of a stimulus or event
that reduces the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring. An example might be an
electrical shock, which reduces the likelihood that a child will stick his or her
finger in an electrical socket again.
Negative punishment - ANSWER involves the removal of a stimulus, which
reduces the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring. An example of negative
punishment might be turning off a favourite television program in response to
an argument, which reduces the likelihood of the occurrence of the children
fighting while watching television together.
Reinforcement vs punishment - ANSWER Both reinforcement and punishment
are defined by their results on behaviour, not by their intrinsic characteristics.
Thus, screaming at a person is a reinforcer if the behaviour increases as a result,
and praising a person is a punishment if the behaviour decreases as a result.
Behavioural Counselling - ANSWER -Focuses on a broad range of behaviours.
Usually an excess or deficit of behaviour.
, -Counsellors in this approach seek to help clients learn new, appropriate ways
of acting, or to help them modify or eliminate excessive actions. Counsellor
helps client to learn.
-Popular approach in institutional settings.
-Often used for eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosexual
dysfunction. Also anxiety, stress, assertiveness, parenting and social interaction
(Cormier and Hackney; Seligman).
Founders and Developers Behavioural Therapy - ANSWER -B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990) most responsible for the popularization of behavioural treatment
methods.
-Applied behavioural analysis is a "direct extension of Skinner's (1953) radical
behaviourism", which is based on operant conditioning.
-Pavlov, Watson, Cover Jones.
-Bandura, Krumboltz, Jacobson, Hayes, Linehan contributed a lot to this
approach for working with clients.
View of Human Nature - ANSWER -a concentration on behavioural processes-
that is, processes closely associated with overt behaviour (except for cognitive-
behaviourists)
-a focus on the here and now as opposed to the then and there of behaviour
-an assumption that all behaviour is learned, whether is be adaptive or
maladaptive
-a belief that learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behaviour
-a focus on setting up well-defined therapy goals with clients
-a rejection of the idea that the human personality is composed of traits
-Social cognitive learning
Empiricism and behaviourism - ANSWER Stress on obtaining empirical
evidence and scientific support for any techniques they use.
Social cognitive learning - ANSWER Social cognitive learning stresses that
people acquire new knowledge and behaviour by observing other people and
events without engaging in the behaviour themselves and without any direct
consequences to themselves.
increases the probability of a behaviour being repeated. An example might be
praise for good behaviour, which results in more good behaviour; it could also
be attention given to misbehaviour, which results in more misbehaviour.
Negative reinforcer - ANSWER the offset or removal of an event that increases
the probability of a behaviour being repeated. An example might be removal of
hunger pains after eating, which results in an increased likelihood that a person
will eat when hungry.
Punishment - ANSWER involves a stimulus or event that decreases the
probability of an occurrence of a behaviour. Punishment may also be positive or
negative.
Positive punishment - ANSWER involves the application of a stimulus or event
that reduces the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring. An example might be an
electrical shock, which reduces the likelihood that a child will stick his or her
finger in an electrical socket again.
Negative punishment - ANSWER involves the removal of a stimulus, which
reduces the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring. An example of negative
punishment might be turning off a favourite television program in response to
an argument, which reduces the likelihood of the occurrence of the children
fighting while watching television together.
Reinforcement vs punishment - ANSWER Both reinforcement and punishment
are defined by their results on behaviour, not by their intrinsic characteristics.
Thus, screaming at a person is a reinforcer if the behaviour increases as a result,
and praising a person is a punishment if the behaviour decreases as a result.
Behavioural Counselling - ANSWER -Focuses on a broad range of behaviours.
Usually an excess or deficit of behaviour.
, -Counsellors in this approach seek to help clients learn new, appropriate ways
of acting, or to help them modify or eliminate excessive actions. Counsellor
helps client to learn.
-Popular approach in institutional settings.
-Often used for eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosexual
dysfunction. Also anxiety, stress, assertiveness, parenting and social interaction
(Cormier and Hackney; Seligman).
Founders and Developers Behavioural Therapy - ANSWER -B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990) most responsible for the popularization of behavioural treatment
methods.
-Applied behavioural analysis is a "direct extension of Skinner's (1953) radical
behaviourism", which is based on operant conditioning.
-Pavlov, Watson, Cover Jones.
-Bandura, Krumboltz, Jacobson, Hayes, Linehan contributed a lot to this
approach for working with clients.
View of Human Nature - ANSWER -a concentration on behavioural processes-
that is, processes closely associated with overt behaviour (except for cognitive-
behaviourists)
-a focus on the here and now as opposed to the then and there of behaviour
-an assumption that all behaviour is learned, whether is be adaptive or
maladaptive
-a belief that learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behaviour
-a focus on setting up well-defined therapy goals with clients
-a rejection of the idea that the human personality is composed of traits
-Social cognitive learning
Empiricism and behaviourism - ANSWER Stress on obtaining empirical
evidence and scientific support for any techniques they use.
Social cognitive learning - ANSWER Social cognitive learning stresses that
people acquire new knowledge and behaviour by observing other people and
events without engaging in the behaviour themselves and without any direct
consequences to themselves.
