I-Human Case Study Review: 18-Year-
Old Patient Passed Out Complete 2025
Define ictal/interictal - answer-The middle of a seizure or convulsions is called
the ictal phase.
Interictal phase refers to the period between seizures or convulsions.
Describe the positive feedback systems that occur during labor and delivery -
answer-1. The autorhythmic contraction of the uterus starts the stimulation
2. Increased action potentials of neuron cell bodies in the cervix leads to
cervical dilation from increased oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
3. This leads to increased plasma oxytocin, and therefore increased uterus
contractions
Following the positive pregnancy test, what hormonal mechanism prevented
spontaneous abortion of the implanted embryo? - answer-Progesterone
preserves the uterine lining and prevents the endometrium from shedding
Gastrointestinal Case History - Case 19 - answer-A 26-year-old business
executive complained of a dull pain (heartburn) behind the sternum. The pain
was postprandial (occurred after meals) and disappeared within a few minutes
to an hour. It was often associated with belching and often was worse on lying
down or on exertion after heavy meals. Sometimes it radiated to the back,
jaws, shoulders, and down the inner aspects of the arms, simulating angina
pectoris. X-rays revealed a small portion of the stomach above the diaphragm,
, and an endoscopic biopsy revealed mucosal inflammation. Esophageal
manometry (determining pressures at the lower esophageal sphincter, LES)
revealed decreased LES pressure. Esophageal pH monitoring showed reflux of
gastric contents into the esophagus and provided direct evidence of
gastroesophageal reflux. Recommended treatment for this individual is
avoidance of strong stimulants of gastric acid secretion (e.g., coffee, alcohol)
and avoidance of certain drugs (e.g., anticholinergics), and specific foods (fats,
chocolates, whole milk, and orange juice), and smoking, all of which reduce LES
competence. Elevation of the head of the bed by about six inches is also
recommended. Suggested treatments also include the use of cholinergic
agonists (e.g., bethanechol) and the use of histamine (H2) antagonists
(cimetidine).
Gastrointestinal Case History - Case 20 - answer-A 45-year-old store manager
complained of a burning, gnawing pain, moderately severe, almost always in
the epigastric region. The pain is absent when he awakens, appears in
midmorning, and is relieved by food but recurs two to three hours after a
meal. The pain often awakens him at 1 or 2 a.m. An endoscopic examination
and x-ray studies with barium showed normal stomach function but the
presence of duodenal ulcers. Gastric analysis demonstrated that the gastric
juice pH fell to 1.9 with pentagastrin stimulation (6µg/kg s.c.). Fasting serum
gastrin levels were normal. Recommended treatments for this individual
follow.
Antacids: 15-30 mL of liquid or two to four tablets one to three hours after
each meal and at bedtime for six weeks.
Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists: cimetidine (300 mg) or ranitidine (150
mg) with each meal and at bedtime for four to eight weeks.
Old Patient Passed Out Complete 2025
Define ictal/interictal - answer-The middle of a seizure or convulsions is called
the ictal phase.
Interictal phase refers to the period between seizures or convulsions.
Describe the positive feedback systems that occur during labor and delivery -
answer-1. The autorhythmic contraction of the uterus starts the stimulation
2. Increased action potentials of neuron cell bodies in the cervix leads to
cervical dilation from increased oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
3. This leads to increased plasma oxytocin, and therefore increased uterus
contractions
Following the positive pregnancy test, what hormonal mechanism prevented
spontaneous abortion of the implanted embryo? - answer-Progesterone
preserves the uterine lining and prevents the endometrium from shedding
Gastrointestinal Case History - Case 19 - answer-A 26-year-old business
executive complained of a dull pain (heartburn) behind the sternum. The pain
was postprandial (occurred after meals) and disappeared within a few minutes
to an hour. It was often associated with belching and often was worse on lying
down or on exertion after heavy meals. Sometimes it radiated to the back,
jaws, shoulders, and down the inner aspects of the arms, simulating angina
pectoris. X-rays revealed a small portion of the stomach above the diaphragm,
, and an endoscopic biopsy revealed mucosal inflammation. Esophageal
manometry (determining pressures at the lower esophageal sphincter, LES)
revealed decreased LES pressure. Esophageal pH monitoring showed reflux of
gastric contents into the esophagus and provided direct evidence of
gastroesophageal reflux. Recommended treatment for this individual is
avoidance of strong stimulants of gastric acid secretion (e.g., coffee, alcohol)
and avoidance of certain drugs (e.g., anticholinergics), and specific foods (fats,
chocolates, whole milk, and orange juice), and smoking, all of which reduce LES
competence. Elevation of the head of the bed by about six inches is also
recommended. Suggested treatments also include the use of cholinergic
agonists (e.g., bethanechol) and the use of histamine (H2) antagonists
(cimetidine).
Gastrointestinal Case History - Case 20 - answer-A 45-year-old store manager
complained of a burning, gnawing pain, moderately severe, almost always in
the epigastric region. The pain is absent when he awakens, appears in
midmorning, and is relieved by food but recurs two to three hours after a
meal. The pain often awakens him at 1 or 2 a.m. An endoscopic examination
and x-ray studies with barium showed normal stomach function but the
presence of duodenal ulcers. Gastric analysis demonstrated that the gastric
juice pH fell to 1.9 with pentagastrin stimulation (6µg/kg s.c.). Fasting serum
gastrin levels were normal. Recommended treatments for this individual
follow.
Antacids: 15-30 mL of liquid or two to four tablets one to three hours after
each meal and at bedtime for six weeks.
Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists: cimetidine (300 mg) or ranitidine (150
mg) with each meal and at bedtime for four to eight weeks.
