NRSG258 EXAM REVISION || A+ GUARANTEED;
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS!!
5 Signs of inflammation correct answers 1, Heat (hyperaemia)
2, Redness
3, Swelling
4, Pain
5, Loss of function
What is Hyperaemia correct answers Increased blood flow to an area
Describe Inflammatory response correct answers injury -> vasoconstriction -> histamine
release ->vasodilation -> increased blood flow
Histamine release correct answers causes increased capillary permeability -> antibodies to the
site, as wel as swelling and pain
Chemotactic factors correct answers process of recruiting white blood cells to the area -
phagocyte migration
vasodilation correct answers increased nutrients and antibodies to an area and remove by-
products of metabolism
margination correct answers movement of WBC to the epithelium
Diapedesis correct answers movement of WBC across blood vessels epithelium into
interstitial space
How is pain triggered correct answers -mechanically - pressure, movement, friction
-chemical - increased lactic acid build upin an area
-thermal - burns from heat/ice
what are nociceptors correct answers free nerve endings - cell bodies outside the spinal
column
3 pain classifications correct answers somatic
visceral
neuropathic
Somatic pain correct answers well localised (external) - sharp, aching - skin, soft tissue,
muscle, bone
Visceral pain correct answers poorly localised (internal) - difficult to describe - cardiac, lung,
gi tract
Neuropathic Pain correct answers involves change in nerve itself - burning, tingling,
shooting, stabbing
, What is Transduction (in relation to pain) correct answers Process of nociceptors sensing
painful stimuli at the site of insult
what is transmission (in relation to pain) correct answers process of getting information to the
spinal cord
Describe the Pain Pathway correct answers spinal cord -> brainstem and midbrain -> cortex
(perception in cortex)
what is neuroplasticity correct answers the brain can gro accustomed to receiving pain signals
from a particular area - become very sensitive to pain signals (chronic pain)
WHO pain ladder correct answers mild pain - non-opioid with/without adjuvant analgesic.
mild to moderate - opioid for mild to moderate plus non-opioid with/without adjuvant.
Moderate to severe - opioid for moderate to severe plus non-opioid with/without adjuvant
analgesic
Example of Non-pharmacological Pain management correct answers -temperature - heat/cold
-massage/pressure
TENS
What are prostaglandins correct answers responsible for vasodilation and capillary
permeability, pyrotogenic, mediates painful stimuli
How do NSAIDs work correct answers by inhibiting Cox pathways - no selective so inhibit
both results in increased bleeding, reduced gastric mucosa
Examples of Narcotic use correct answers -analgesic
-anxiolytic
-anaesthesia
-cough suppressant
explain 3 ways drugs bind to opioid receptors in the brain correct answers agonists - fit well
into receptor
partial agonist - doesn't fit receptor completely
antagonist - blocks the action of narcotics
how to opioids effect the Gut correct answers often cause nausea and vomiting, reduces gut
motility
explain hot opioids effect peripheral tissue correct answers increases urinary sphincter spasm,
release histamine causing bronchospasm, pruritus and formication
Opiate Toxicity - Triad correct answers - pin point pupils
- hypoventilation/bradypnoea
- stuporous/comatose
- respiratory arrest
Define emesis correct answers forceful expulsion of gastric contents through mouth -
vomiting
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS!!
5 Signs of inflammation correct answers 1, Heat (hyperaemia)
2, Redness
3, Swelling
4, Pain
5, Loss of function
What is Hyperaemia correct answers Increased blood flow to an area
Describe Inflammatory response correct answers injury -> vasoconstriction -> histamine
release ->vasodilation -> increased blood flow
Histamine release correct answers causes increased capillary permeability -> antibodies to the
site, as wel as swelling and pain
Chemotactic factors correct answers process of recruiting white blood cells to the area -
phagocyte migration
vasodilation correct answers increased nutrients and antibodies to an area and remove by-
products of metabolism
margination correct answers movement of WBC to the epithelium
Diapedesis correct answers movement of WBC across blood vessels epithelium into
interstitial space
How is pain triggered correct answers -mechanically - pressure, movement, friction
-chemical - increased lactic acid build upin an area
-thermal - burns from heat/ice
what are nociceptors correct answers free nerve endings - cell bodies outside the spinal
column
3 pain classifications correct answers somatic
visceral
neuropathic
Somatic pain correct answers well localised (external) - sharp, aching - skin, soft tissue,
muscle, bone
Visceral pain correct answers poorly localised (internal) - difficult to describe - cardiac, lung,
gi tract
Neuropathic Pain correct answers involves change in nerve itself - burning, tingling,
shooting, stabbing
, What is Transduction (in relation to pain) correct answers Process of nociceptors sensing
painful stimuli at the site of insult
what is transmission (in relation to pain) correct answers process of getting information to the
spinal cord
Describe the Pain Pathway correct answers spinal cord -> brainstem and midbrain -> cortex
(perception in cortex)
what is neuroplasticity correct answers the brain can gro accustomed to receiving pain signals
from a particular area - become very sensitive to pain signals (chronic pain)
WHO pain ladder correct answers mild pain - non-opioid with/without adjuvant analgesic.
mild to moderate - opioid for mild to moderate plus non-opioid with/without adjuvant.
Moderate to severe - opioid for moderate to severe plus non-opioid with/without adjuvant
analgesic
Example of Non-pharmacological Pain management correct answers -temperature - heat/cold
-massage/pressure
TENS
What are prostaglandins correct answers responsible for vasodilation and capillary
permeability, pyrotogenic, mediates painful stimuli
How do NSAIDs work correct answers by inhibiting Cox pathways - no selective so inhibit
both results in increased bleeding, reduced gastric mucosa
Examples of Narcotic use correct answers -analgesic
-anxiolytic
-anaesthesia
-cough suppressant
explain 3 ways drugs bind to opioid receptors in the brain correct answers agonists - fit well
into receptor
partial agonist - doesn't fit receptor completely
antagonist - blocks the action of narcotics
how to opioids effect the Gut correct answers often cause nausea and vomiting, reduces gut
motility
explain hot opioids effect peripheral tissue correct answers increases urinary sphincter spasm,
release histamine causing bronchospasm, pruritus and formication
Opiate Toxicity - Triad correct answers - pin point pupils
- hypoventilation/bradypnoea
- stuporous/comatose
- respiratory arrest
Define emesis correct answers forceful expulsion of gastric contents through mouth -
vomiting
