PHYS 261 Human Physiology Study Guide
(Ch. 1-13) – Ace Your Exam
Which neural term is synonymous with rough endoplasmic reticulum? - nissl
substance
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of which
system? - autonomic nervous system
Neurotransmitters are released from the - axon terminals
myelin is formed by - schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
The tip of an embryonic nerve cell's axon is called a - growth cone
Microvilli are present on cells that, because of their function, benefit from an
increased membrane surface area. Which structure(s) on a neuron provide a
comparable benefit? - dendrites
Tom's father suffers a stroke that leaves him partially paralyzed on his right side.
What type of glial cell would you expect to find in increased numbers in the damaged
area of the brain that is affected by the stroke? - microglia
Most neurons have at least two processes extending from the soma, or cell body.
Which type of neuron only has one process extending from the cell body? - a
pseudounipolar neuron
When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, - k+ leaves the neuron
During an action potential, activation of voltage-gated sodium and potassium
channels occurs at different rates. What is the effect of this difference on ion flow
across an axon membrane? - Initially, Na+ flows into the cell followed by K+ flowing
out of the cell.
The following are steps involved in transmission at the cholinergic synapse:
1. Chemically regulated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated.
2. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal.
3. An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal at the presynaptic membrane.
4. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis.
5. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
The correct sequence for these events is - 3,2,4,5,1
In order for a synapse to be an effective means of cellular communication, slow
removal or inactivation of neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse is important.
T/F - False
The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system
eventually develops is the - neural plate.
,From what does the blood-brain barrier result? Which of the following best describes
the role of the blood-brain barrier? - The blood-brain barrier is formed by tight
junctions between capillary endothelial cells thus preventing the movement of
solutes between cells.
A neuron has a resting potential of -70 mV and a threshold voltage of -50 mV. There
are currently three active synapses on the neuron's dendrites, each located the
same distance from the axon. The potential changes are + 40 mV at synapse 1, + 20
mV at synapse 2, and -10 mV at synapse 3. These synaptic potentials diminish by
50% by the time they reach the trigger zone. Will this neuron produce an action
potential at this time? Explain. (Hint: Draw a graph of the voltage changes.) - Yes. At
the trigger zone, all potentials have halved and will sum as follows: +20mV
(originated at synapse 1), + 10mV (originated at synapse 2), -5mV (originated at
synapse 3) sum to produce a total potential change of +25mV. The neuron required
a minimum change of +20 mV (-70 mV + 20 mV = -50 mV), so it will produce an
action potential.
Spatial summation refers to - multiple graded potentials arriving at one location
simultaneously.
Graded potentials may - initiate an action potential.
depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage.
hyperpolarize the membrane.
be called EPSPs or IPSPs.
---All of the statements are true.
Which brain lobe contains the main areas controlling skeletal muscle movement? -
frontal
Neurotransmitters are usually released into synapses by ________. - exocytosis
Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain of right-handed
people. - concentrated on the left
Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? -
hypothalamus
Caffeine and related stimulants exert their effects by - inhibiting a specific
neuromodulator
A stroke may have different effects on the patient depending upon where in the brain
it occurs. Where would a stroke have occurred if a right-handed patient loses the
ability to write (agraphia) due to lack of sensation? - left parietal lobe
Which neurons of the Diffuse Modulatory System originate in Raphe nuclei and
whose lower nuclei function in pain and locomotion? - serotonergic
Opening Na+ channels in taste cells for salty taste would cause that cell to - increase
neurotransmitter release
, With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ________,
which acts as a relay and processing station. - thalamus
Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically responds to it.
A. chemoreceptor
B. mechanoreceptor
pH - chemoreceptor
The CNS must distinguish four properties of a stimulus. These properties include
location, intensity, modality, and which other property? - duration
Which of the following statements regarding pathways for somatic perception
projection is correct? - Primary sensory neurons from the hands project to a specific
region of the somatosensory cortex.
Some types of antihistamines make one sleepy, others do not. This difference is
partly attributed to a difference in - lipid solubility
Which of the following choices best describes the path of sensory information from
the receptor into the spinal cord? - Afferent neuron to dorsal root ganglion to dorsal
horn
Extracellular fluid is a protective component of the CNS. The ________ fluid, found
inside the pia mater, and the ________ fluid, found in ventricles between the pia
mater and arachnoid membrane, make up the extracellular environment for neurons.
- interstitial, cerebrospinal
Because of involvement of the ________, pain may be accompanied by emotional
distress and nausea or sweating. - hypothalamus and limbic system
The highest frequency sound is detected by - hair cells located near the oval window
end of the basilar membrane.
________ hearing loss results from conditions that affect the ability of sound waves
that have entered the external ear from generating/transmitting a vibration that will
reach the cochlea. - conductive
The receptors of equilibrium and hearing are the - hair cells
Changes in GI tract function with advanced age can lead to malnutrition, especially
deficits in vitamins and minerals. Which special sense would be most affected by an
age-associated mineral deficiency? - vestibulation
Match the symptoms to the problem.
A. damage to the cerebral cortex
(Ch. 1-13) – Ace Your Exam
Which neural term is synonymous with rough endoplasmic reticulum? - nissl
substance
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of which
system? - autonomic nervous system
Neurotransmitters are released from the - axon terminals
myelin is formed by - schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
The tip of an embryonic nerve cell's axon is called a - growth cone
Microvilli are present on cells that, because of their function, benefit from an
increased membrane surface area. Which structure(s) on a neuron provide a
comparable benefit? - dendrites
Tom's father suffers a stroke that leaves him partially paralyzed on his right side.
What type of glial cell would you expect to find in increased numbers in the damaged
area of the brain that is affected by the stroke? - microglia
Most neurons have at least two processes extending from the soma, or cell body.
Which type of neuron only has one process extending from the cell body? - a
pseudounipolar neuron
When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, - k+ leaves the neuron
During an action potential, activation of voltage-gated sodium and potassium
channels occurs at different rates. What is the effect of this difference on ion flow
across an axon membrane? - Initially, Na+ flows into the cell followed by K+ flowing
out of the cell.
The following are steps involved in transmission at the cholinergic synapse:
1. Chemically regulated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated.
2. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal.
3. An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal at the presynaptic membrane.
4. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis.
5. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
The correct sequence for these events is - 3,2,4,5,1
In order for a synapse to be an effective means of cellular communication, slow
removal or inactivation of neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse is important.
T/F - False
The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system
eventually develops is the - neural plate.
,From what does the blood-brain barrier result? Which of the following best describes
the role of the blood-brain barrier? - The blood-brain barrier is formed by tight
junctions between capillary endothelial cells thus preventing the movement of
solutes between cells.
A neuron has a resting potential of -70 mV and a threshold voltage of -50 mV. There
are currently three active synapses on the neuron's dendrites, each located the
same distance from the axon. The potential changes are + 40 mV at synapse 1, + 20
mV at synapse 2, and -10 mV at synapse 3. These synaptic potentials diminish by
50% by the time they reach the trigger zone. Will this neuron produce an action
potential at this time? Explain. (Hint: Draw a graph of the voltage changes.) - Yes. At
the trigger zone, all potentials have halved and will sum as follows: +20mV
(originated at synapse 1), + 10mV (originated at synapse 2), -5mV (originated at
synapse 3) sum to produce a total potential change of +25mV. The neuron required
a minimum change of +20 mV (-70 mV + 20 mV = -50 mV), so it will produce an
action potential.
Spatial summation refers to - multiple graded potentials arriving at one location
simultaneously.
Graded potentials may - initiate an action potential.
depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage.
hyperpolarize the membrane.
be called EPSPs or IPSPs.
---All of the statements are true.
Which brain lobe contains the main areas controlling skeletal muscle movement? -
frontal
Neurotransmitters are usually released into synapses by ________. - exocytosis
Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain of right-handed
people. - concentrated on the left
Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? -
hypothalamus
Caffeine and related stimulants exert their effects by - inhibiting a specific
neuromodulator
A stroke may have different effects on the patient depending upon where in the brain
it occurs. Where would a stroke have occurred if a right-handed patient loses the
ability to write (agraphia) due to lack of sensation? - left parietal lobe
Which neurons of the Diffuse Modulatory System originate in Raphe nuclei and
whose lower nuclei function in pain and locomotion? - serotonergic
Opening Na+ channels in taste cells for salty taste would cause that cell to - increase
neurotransmitter release
, With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ________,
which acts as a relay and processing station. - thalamus
Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically responds to it.
A. chemoreceptor
B. mechanoreceptor
pH - chemoreceptor
The CNS must distinguish four properties of a stimulus. These properties include
location, intensity, modality, and which other property? - duration
Which of the following statements regarding pathways for somatic perception
projection is correct? - Primary sensory neurons from the hands project to a specific
region of the somatosensory cortex.
Some types of antihistamines make one sleepy, others do not. This difference is
partly attributed to a difference in - lipid solubility
Which of the following choices best describes the path of sensory information from
the receptor into the spinal cord? - Afferent neuron to dorsal root ganglion to dorsal
horn
Extracellular fluid is a protective component of the CNS. The ________ fluid, found
inside the pia mater, and the ________ fluid, found in ventricles between the pia
mater and arachnoid membrane, make up the extracellular environment for neurons.
- interstitial, cerebrospinal
Because of involvement of the ________, pain may be accompanied by emotional
distress and nausea or sweating. - hypothalamus and limbic system
The highest frequency sound is detected by - hair cells located near the oval window
end of the basilar membrane.
________ hearing loss results from conditions that affect the ability of sound waves
that have entered the external ear from generating/transmitting a vibration that will
reach the cochlea. - conductive
The receptors of equilibrium and hearing are the - hair cells
Changes in GI tract function with advanced age can lead to malnutrition, especially
deficits in vitamins and minerals. Which special sense would be most affected by an
age-associated mineral deficiency? - vestibulation
Match the symptoms to the problem.
A. damage to the cerebral cortex
