RIO BIO 202 FINAL STUDY EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔How does Na+ cross the cellular membrane? - ✔✔it's actively pumped against its
electrochemical gradient
✔✔Acidosis - ✔✔abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid
✔✔Alkolosis - ✔✔abnormally low concentration of hydrogen ions in the extracellular
fluid
✔✔Respiratory acidosis - ✔✔person breathes shallowly or gas exchange is changed by
diseases; CO2 accumulates in blood; falling blood pH and rising pCO2
✔✔Metabolic alkalosis - ✔✔low blood pH and HCO3 - leels; ingestion of too much
alcohol
✔✔Chemical buffer systems of the body - ✔✔Bicarbonate, phosphate, protein
✔✔Bile - ✔✔emulsify fats
✔✔Electrolytes found in the body fluids - ✔✔sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate,
calcium, phosphate, magnesium
✔✔Where are the testes located? - ✔✔the scrotal sac
✔✔What is the responsibility of the testes? - ✔✔site of sperm production
✔✔What surrounds the seminiferous tubules? - ✔✔interstitial cells that produce
testosterone
✔✔Where do the seminiferous tubules lead? - ✔✔rete testes
✔✔What is the sequence of events of spermatogenesis? - ✔✔primary spermatocyte
generated by the first phase undergoes meiosis I, forming a secondary spermatocyte,
second spermatocyte continue on to meiosis II and form spermatids, spermatids then
shed their cytoplasm and form a tail
✔✔What phase is where implantation of the embryo occurs? - ✔✔secretory phase
✔✔Fertilization - ✔✔process of forming a fertilized egg
, ✔✔What are the mechanisms involved in human egg fertilization that decrease the
chances of polyspermy occurring? - ✔✔Zonal inhibiting proteins (ZIPs) destroy sperm
receptors, preventing further sperm entry
✔✔Implantation of fetus - ✔✔Trophoblast cells overlaying the inner cell mass adhere to
the endometrium; trophoblast cells secrete enzymes that erode the endometrial lining to
reach the vascular supply beneath it
✔✔Process of gastrulation and its consequences - ✔✔involves the migration,
movement and rearrangement of embryonic cells, so that a three-layer embryo (three
primary germ layers) is formed
✔✔What hormones do fetal cells produce and what do they do? - ✔✔prostaglandins
and oxytocin; increasing levels initiate another positive feedback mechanism that
initiates labor
✔✔Lactation - ✔✔production of milk from the mammary glands
✔✔What hormones drive the process of the breasts changing? - ✔✔estrogen,
progesterone, lactogen
✔✔What stimulates milk production post-birth? - ✔✔sucking of the nipples which is
mechanical stimulation
✔✔What does the mechanical stimulation of milk production stimulate? - ✔✔the
posterior pituitary to secrete prolactin releasing hormone and oxytocin
✔✔What does prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) do? - ✔✔stimulates the release of
prolactin from the anterior pituitary, which stimulate milk production
✔✔What does oxytocin do? - ✔✔cause the myoepithelial cells to contract
✔✔Is lactation a negative or positive feedback cycle? - ✔✔Positive
✔✔Does saliva digest protein? - ✔✔No, salivary amylase digests carbohydrates
✔✔What vitamin is essential for absorption? - ✔✔B12
✔✔Does the ICF contain a high or low amount of NaCl and what is its most abundant
components? - ✔✔low; K+ and HPO4 2-
✔✔Where is bile produced? - ✔✔liver, but it doesn't enter the small intestine until the
gallbladder contracts
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔How does Na+ cross the cellular membrane? - ✔✔it's actively pumped against its
electrochemical gradient
✔✔Acidosis - ✔✔abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid
✔✔Alkolosis - ✔✔abnormally low concentration of hydrogen ions in the extracellular
fluid
✔✔Respiratory acidosis - ✔✔person breathes shallowly or gas exchange is changed by
diseases; CO2 accumulates in blood; falling blood pH and rising pCO2
✔✔Metabolic alkalosis - ✔✔low blood pH and HCO3 - leels; ingestion of too much
alcohol
✔✔Chemical buffer systems of the body - ✔✔Bicarbonate, phosphate, protein
✔✔Bile - ✔✔emulsify fats
✔✔Electrolytes found in the body fluids - ✔✔sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate,
calcium, phosphate, magnesium
✔✔Where are the testes located? - ✔✔the scrotal sac
✔✔What is the responsibility of the testes? - ✔✔site of sperm production
✔✔What surrounds the seminiferous tubules? - ✔✔interstitial cells that produce
testosterone
✔✔Where do the seminiferous tubules lead? - ✔✔rete testes
✔✔What is the sequence of events of spermatogenesis? - ✔✔primary spermatocyte
generated by the first phase undergoes meiosis I, forming a secondary spermatocyte,
second spermatocyte continue on to meiosis II and form spermatids, spermatids then
shed their cytoplasm and form a tail
✔✔What phase is where implantation of the embryo occurs? - ✔✔secretory phase
✔✔Fertilization - ✔✔process of forming a fertilized egg
, ✔✔What are the mechanisms involved in human egg fertilization that decrease the
chances of polyspermy occurring? - ✔✔Zonal inhibiting proteins (ZIPs) destroy sperm
receptors, preventing further sperm entry
✔✔Implantation of fetus - ✔✔Trophoblast cells overlaying the inner cell mass adhere to
the endometrium; trophoblast cells secrete enzymes that erode the endometrial lining to
reach the vascular supply beneath it
✔✔Process of gastrulation and its consequences - ✔✔involves the migration,
movement and rearrangement of embryonic cells, so that a three-layer embryo (three
primary germ layers) is formed
✔✔What hormones do fetal cells produce and what do they do? - ✔✔prostaglandins
and oxytocin; increasing levels initiate another positive feedback mechanism that
initiates labor
✔✔Lactation - ✔✔production of milk from the mammary glands
✔✔What hormones drive the process of the breasts changing? - ✔✔estrogen,
progesterone, lactogen
✔✔What stimulates milk production post-birth? - ✔✔sucking of the nipples which is
mechanical stimulation
✔✔What does the mechanical stimulation of milk production stimulate? - ✔✔the
posterior pituitary to secrete prolactin releasing hormone and oxytocin
✔✔What does prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) do? - ✔✔stimulates the release of
prolactin from the anterior pituitary, which stimulate milk production
✔✔What does oxytocin do? - ✔✔cause the myoepithelial cells to contract
✔✔Is lactation a negative or positive feedback cycle? - ✔✔Positive
✔✔Does saliva digest protein? - ✔✔No, salivary amylase digests carbohydrates
✔✔What vitamin is essential for absorption? - ✔✔B12
✔✔Does the ICF contain a high or low amount of NaCl and what is its most abundant
components? - ✔✔low; K+ and HPO4 2-
✔✔Where is bile produced? - ✔✔liver, but it doesn't enter the small intestine until the
gallbladder contracts
