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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
h h h h
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
h h h h h h h
Unity and Diversity of Cells
h h h h
1-1 Livinghsystemsharehincrediblyhdiversehinhsize,hshape,henvironment,handhbehavior.hIthishestimatedhthathther
eharehbetweenh10hmillionhandh100hmillionhdifferenthspecies.hDespitehthishwidehvarietyhofhorganisms,hithre
mainshdifficulthtohdefinehwhathithmeanshtohsayhsomethinghishalive.hWhichhofhthehfollowinghcanhbehdescrib
edhashthehsmallesthlivinghunit?
(a) DNAh(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatehwhetherhthehfollowinghstatementsharehtruehorhfalse.hIfhthehstatementhishfalse,hexplainhwhyhithis
hfalse.
A. ThehParameciumhishahmulticellularhmicroorganismhcoveredhwithhhairlikehcilia.
B. Cellshofhdifferenthtypeshcanhhavehdifferenthchemicalhrequirements.hC.
Thehbranchlikehextensionshthathsprouthfromhahsinglehnervehcellhinha
mammalianhbrainhcanhextendhoverhseveralhhundredhmicrometers.
1-3 Forheachhofhthehfollowinghsentences,hfillhinhthehblankshwithhthehbesthwordhorhphrasehselectedhfromhthehli
sthbelow.hNothallhwordshorhphraseshwillhbehused;heachhwordhorhphrasehshouldhbehusedhonlyhonce.
Cellshcanhbehveryhdiverse:hsuperficially,htheyhcomehinhvarioushsizes,hranginghfromhbacterialh
cellshsuchhashLactobacillus,hwhichhishahfew
h
inhlength,htohlargerhcellshsuchhashahfrog’shegg,hwhichhhashahdiameterhofhabo
uthone
.hDespitehthehdiversity,hcellshresembleheachhotherhtohanhastonishinghdegreeh
inhtheirhchemistry.hForhexample,hthehsameh20
arehusedhtohmakehproteins.hSimilarly,hthehgenetichinformationhofhallhcellshish
storedhinhtheir
h .hAlthough
containhthehsamehtypeshofhmoleculeshashcells,htheirhinabilityhtohreproduceht
hemselveshbyhtheirhownheffortshmeanshthaththeyharehnothconsideredhlivinghmatter.
aminohacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)h yeast
fattyhacidsh plants
meter plasmahmembranes
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1-4 Howhdoeshcellularhspecializationhservehmulticellularhorganismshandhhowhmighthahh
ighhdegreehofhspecializationhbehdetrimental?
1-5 Thehflowhofhgenetichinformationhishcontrolledhbyhahserieshofhbiochemicalhreactionsht
hathresulthinhthehproductionhofhproteins,heachhwithhitshownhspecifichorderhofhaminoha
cids.hChoosehthehcorrecthserieshofhbiochemicalhreactionshfromhthehoptionshpresented
hhere.
(a) replication,htranscription,htranslation
(b) replication,htranslation,htranscription
(c) translation,htranscription,hreplication
(d) translation,hreplication,htranscription
1-6 Proteinsharehimportantharchitecturalhandhcatalytichcomponentshwithinhthehcell,hhelpi
nghtohdeterminehitshchemistry,hitshshape,handhitshabilityhtohrespondhtohchangeshinhtheh
environment.hRemarkably,hallhofhthehdifferenthproteinshinhahcellharehmadehfromhthehs
ameh20
.hByhlinkinghthemhinhdifferenthsequences,hthehcellhcan
hmakehproteinhmoleculeshwithhdifferenthconformationshandhsurfacehchemistries,handh
thereforehdifferenthfunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminohacids.
(d) fattyhacids.
1-7 WhichhstatementhishNOThtruehabouthmutations?
(a) AhmutationhishahchangehinhthehDNAhthathcanhgeneratehoffspringhlesshfithforhs
urvivalhthanhtheirhparents.
(b) AhmutationhcanhbehahresulthofhimperfecthDNAhduplication.
(c) Ahmutationhishahresulthofhsexualhreproduction.
(d) AhmutationhishahchangehinhthehDNAhthathcanhgeneratehoffspringhthatharehashfi
thforhsurvivalhashtheirhparentshare.
1-8 ChangeshinhDNAhsequencehfromhonehgenerationhtohthehnexthmayhresulthinhoffspringht
hatharehalteredhinhfitnesshcomparedhwithhtheirhparents.hThehprocesshofhchangehandhsel
ectionhoverhthehcoursehofhmanyhgenerationshishthehbasishof .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selecththehoptionhthathbesthfinisheshthehfollowinghstatement:h“Evolutionhishah
process .”
(a) thathcanhbehunderstoodhbasedhonhthehprincipleshofhmutationhandhselection.
(b) thathresultshfromhrepeatedhcycleshofhadaptationhoverhbillionshofhyears.
(c) byhwhichhallhpresent-dayhcellsharosehfromh4–5hdifferenthancestralhcells.
(d) thathrequireshhundredshofhthousandshofh years.
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1-10 Selecththehoptionhthathcorrectlyhfinisheshthehfollowinghstatement:h“Ahcell’shgenome
h .”
(a) ishdefinedhashallhthehgeneshbeinghusedhtohmakehprotein.
(b) containshallhofhahcell’shDNA.
(c) constantlyhchanges,hdependinghuponhthehcell’shenvironment.
(d) ishalteredhduringhembryonichdevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
h h h
1-11 WhichhstatementhishNOThtruehabouththehevents/conclusionshfromhstudieshduringht
hehmid-1800shsurroundinghthehdiscoveryhofhcells?
(a) Cellshcamehtohbehknownhashthehsmallesthuniversalhbuildinghblockhofhlivingho
rganisms.
(b) Scientistshcamehtohthehconclusionhthathnewhcellshcanhformhspontaneouslyhf
romhthehremnantshofhrupturedhcells.
(c) Lighthmicroscopyhwashessentialhinhdemonstratinghthehcommonalitiesh
betweenhplanthandhanimalhtissues.
(d) Newhcellsharisehfromhthehgrowthhandhdivisionhofhpreviouslyhexistinghcells.
1-12 Whathunithofhlengthhwouldhyouhgenerallyhusehtohmeasurehahtypicalhplanthorhanimalhc
ell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchhthehtypehofhmicroscopyhonhthehlefthwithhthehcorrespondinghdescriptionh
providedhbelow.hTherehishonehbesthmatchhforheach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionhelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanninghelectron
F. bright-field
h
useshahlighthmicroscopehwithhanhopticalhcomponenthtohtakehadvantagehofht
hehdifferenthrefractivehindiceshofhlighthpassinghthroughhdifferenthregionshofht
hehcell.
h
employshahlighthmicroscopehandhrequireshthathsampleshbehfixedhandhstaine
dhinhorderhtohrevealhcellularhdetails.
hhhhhhhhhrequireshthehusehofhtwohsetshofhfilters.hThehfirsthfilterhnarrowshthehwavelengthhra
ngehthathreacheshthehspecimenhandhthehsecondhblockshouthallhwavelengthshtha
thpasshbackhuphtohtheheyepiecehexcepthforhthosehemittedhbyhthehdyehinhthehsam
ple.
hhhhhhhhhscanshthehspecimenhwithhahfocusedhlaserhbeamhtohobtainhahserieshofhtwo-
hdimensionalhopticalhsections,hwhichhcanhbehusedhtohreconstructhanhimagehof
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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
h h h h
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
h h h h h h h
Unity and Diversity of Cells
h h h h
1-1 Livinghsystemsharehincrediblyhdiversehinhsize,hshape,henvironment,handhbehavior.hIthishestimatedhthathther
eharehbetweenh10hmillionhandh100hmillionhdifferenthspecies.hDespitehthishwidehvarietyhofhorganisms,hithre
mainshdifficulthtohdefinehwhathithmeanshtohsayhsomethinghishalive.hWhichhofhthehfollowinghcanhbehdescrib
edhashthehsmallesthlivinghunit?
(a) DNAh(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatehwhetherhthehfollowinghstatementsharehtruehorhfalse.hIfhthehstatementhishfalse,hexplainhwhyhithis
hfalse.
A. ThehParameciumhishahmulticellularhmicroorganismhcoveredhwithhhairlikehcilia.
B. Cellshofhdifferenthtypeshcanhhavehdifferenthchemicalhrequirements.hC.
Thehbranchlikehextensionshthathsprouthfromhahsinglehnervehcellhinha
mammalianhbrainhcanhextendhoverhseveralhhundredhmicrometers.
1-3 Forheachhofhthehfollowinghsentences,hfillhinhthehblankshwithhthehbesthwordhorhphrasehselectedhfromhthehli
sthbelow.hNothallhwordshorhphraseshwillhbehused;heachhwordhorhphrasehshouldhbehusedhonlyhonce.
Cellshcanhbehveryhdiverse:hsuperficially,htheyhcomehinhvarioushsizes,hranginghfromhbacterialh
cellshsuchhashLactobacillus,hwhichhishahfew
h
inhlength,htohlargerhcellshsuchhashahfrog’shegg,hwhichhhashahdiameterhofhabo
uthone
.hDespitehthehdiversity,hcellshresembleheachhotherhtohanhastonishinghdegreeh
inhtheirhchemistry.hForhexample,hthehsameh20
arehusedhtohmakehproteins.hSimilarly,hthehgenetichinformationhofhallhcellshish
storedhinhtheir
h .hAlthough
containhthehsamehtypeshofhmoleculeshashcells,htheirhinabilityhtohreproduceht
hemselveshbyhtheirhownheffortshmeanshthaththeyharehnothconsideredhlivinghmatter.
aminohacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)h yeast
fattyhacidsh plants
meter plasmahmembranes
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1-4 Howhdoeshcellularhspecializationhservehmulticellularhorganismshandhhowhmighthahh
ighhdegreehofhspecializationhbehdetrimental?
1-5 Thehflowhofhgenetichinformationhishcontrolledhbyhahserieshofhbiochemicalhreactionsht
hathresulthinhthehproductionhofhproteins,heachhwithhitshownhspecifichorderhofhaminoha
cids.hChoosehthehcorrecthserieshofhbiochemicalhreactionshfromhthehoptionshpresented
hhere.
(a) replication,htranscription,htranslation
(b) replication,htranslation,htranscription
(c) translation,htranscription,hreplication
(d) translation,hreplication,htranscription
1-6 Proteinsharehimportantharchitecturalhandhcatalytichcomponentshwithinhthehcell,hhelpi
nghtohdeterminehitshchemistry,hitshshape,handhitshabilityhtohrespondhtohchangeshinhtheh
environment.hRemarkably,hallhofhthehdifferenthproteinshinhahcellharehmadehfromhthehs
ameh20
.hByhlinkinghthemhinhdifferenthsequences,hthehcellhcan
hmakehproteinhmoleculeshwithhdifferenthconformationshandhsurfacehchemistries,handh
thereforehdifferenthfunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminohacids.
(d) fattyhacids.
1-7 WhichhstatementhishNOThtruehabouthmutations?
(a) AhmutationhishahchangehinhthehDNAhthathcanhgeneratehoffspringhlesshfithforhs
urvivalhthanhtheirhparents.
(b) AhmutationhcanhbehahresulthofhimperfecthDNAhduplication.
(c) Ahmutationhishahresulthofhsexualhreproduction.
(d) AhmutationhishahchangehinhthehDNAhthathcanhgeneratehoffspringhthatharehashfi
thforhsurvivalhashtheirhparentshare.
1-8 ChangeshinhDNAhsequencehfromhonehgenerationhtohthehnexthmayhresulthinhoffspringht
hatharehalteredhinhfitnesshcomparedhwithhtheirhparents.hThehprocesshofhchangehandhsel
ectionhoverhthehcoursehofhmanyhgenerationshishthehbasishof .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selecththehoptionhthathbesthfinisheshthehfollowinghstatement:h“Evolutionhishah
process .”
(a) thathcanhbehunderstoodhbasedhonhthehprincipleshofhmutationhandhselection.
(b) thathresultshfromhrepeatedhcycleshofhadaptationhoverhbillionshofhyears.
(c) byhwhichhallhpresent-dayhcellsharosehfromh4–5hdifferenthancestralhcells.
(d) thathrequireshhundredshofhthousandshofh years.
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1-10 Selecththehoptionhthathcorrectlyhfinisheshthehfollowinghstatement:h“Ahcell’shgenome
h .”
(a) ishdefinedhashallhthehgeneshbeinghusedhtohmakehprotein.
(b) containshallhofhahcell’shDNA.
(c) constantlyhchanges,hdependinghuponhthehcell’shenvironment.
(d) ishalteredhduringhembryonichdevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
h h h
1-11 WhichhstatementhishNOThtruehabouththehevents/conclusionshfromhstudieshduringht
hehmid-1800shsurroundinghthehdiscoveryhofhcells?
(a) Cellshcamehtohbehknownhashthehsmallesthuniversalhbuildinghblockhofhlivingho
rganisms.
(b) Scientistshcamehtohthehconclusionhthathnewhcellshcanhformhspontaneouslyhf
romhthehremnantshofhrupturedhcells.
(c) Lighthmicroscopyhwashessentialhinhdemonstratinghthehcommonalitiesh
betweenhplanthandhanimalhtissues.
(d) Newhcellsharisehfromhthehgrowthhandhdivisionhofhpreviouslyhexistinghcells.
1-12 Whathunithofhlengthhwouldhyouhgenerallyhusehtohmeasurehahtypicalhplanthorhanimalhc
ell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchhthehtypehofhmicroscopyhonhthehlefthwithhthehcorrespondinghdescriptionh
providedhbelow.hTherehishonehbesthmatchhforheach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionhelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanninghelectron
F. bright-field
h
useshahlighthmicroscopehwithhanhopticalhcomponenthtohtakehadvantagehofht
hehdifferenthrefractivehindiceshofhlighthpassinghthroughhdifferenthregionshofht
hehcell.
h
employshahlighthmicroscopehandhrequireshthathsampleshbehfixedhandhstaine
dhinhorderhtohrevealhcellularhdetails.
hhhhhhhhhrequireshthehusehofhtwohsetshofhfilters.hThehfirsthfilterhnarrowshthehwavelengthhra
ngehthathreacheshthehspecimenhandhthehsecondhblockshouthallhwavelengthshtha
thpasshbackhuphtohtheheyepiecehexcepthforhthosehemittedhbyhthehdyehinhthehsam
ple.
hhhhhhhhhscanshthehspecimenhwithhahfocusedhlaserhbeamhtohobtainhahserieshofhtwo-
hdimensionalhopticalhsections,hwhichhcanhbehusedhtohreconstructhanhimagehof
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