Anatomy and Physiology 255- Exam 3/Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cvelan
1. What is a pathogen?: agents capable of producing diseases
Ex: viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
2. How many lines of defense against pathogens are there? What are they?: 3
lines of defense
1st: Skin and mucous membranes
2nd: several innate defense mechanisms( leukocytes and macrophages, antimicro-
bial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.)
3rd: adaptive immunity (defeats a pathogens and leaves the body with a "memory"
of it so it can defeat it faster in the future.
3. what is innate immunity?: An immunity that is present in an individual at birth.
(born with this type of immunity)
4. Is innate immunity specific or non-specific?: Non-specific, it doesn't target a
particular disease-causing organism
5. What are the 3 kinds of innate defenses?: Protective proteins
Protective cells
Protective processes
6. What is adaptive immunity?: the body's ability to recognize and defend itself
against distinct invaders
Body must develop separate immunity to each pathogen
the body adapts to a pathogen and wards it off more easily upon future exposure
7. How are the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts protected since
they are open to the exterior?: Mucous membranes (external barrier)
Lysozyme(found in mucous): enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls
Mucus physically traps microbes
8. What are phagocytes?: cells that engulf foreign matter
9. What WBC:
-Wander in connective tissue killing bacteria
-Can kill using phagocytosis and digestion
-Can kill by producing a cloud of bactericidal chemicals: neutrophils
10. What WBC:
-Found especially in the mucous membranes
-Guard against parasites, allergens, and other pathogens
-Kill tapeworms and roundworms by producing superoxide hydrogen perox-
ide, and toxic proteins
-promote action of basophils and mast cells
, Anatomy and Physiology 255- Exam 3/Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cvelan
-phagocytize-antibody complexes
-limit action of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals: Eosinophils
11. What WBC:
-Secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes
-Leukotrienes: activates and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
-Histamine: A vasodilator, which increases blood flow (speeds delivery of
leukocytes to the area)
-Heparin: inhibits clot formation that would impede leukocyte mobility: Ba-
sophils
12. What are T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells?: Lymphocytes
13. Most abundant lymphocyte?: T-cells (80%)
14. What type of cell functions in both the innate and adaptive immunity?: -
T-helper cells
15. What type of lymphocyte is part of innate immunity?: NK cells
(all other cells are apart of adaptive immunity)
16. What do monocytes transform into?: Monocytes emigrate from the blood into
connective tissues and transform into macrophages
17. What is the difference between wandering and fixed macrophages?: Wan-
dering macrophages: actively seek pathogens and are widely distributed in loose
connective tissue.
Fixed macrophages: phagocytize only pathogens that come to them.
18. Where are Microglia, Alveolar, and Stellate macrophages found?: Microglia:
in central nervous system
Alveolar: in lungs
Stellate: in liver
19. What are proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide
short-term, innate immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses?: Antimicrobial
proteins
20. What are the two families of antimicrobial proteins?: Interferons
Complement system
21. What are interferons?: (-Interferons are secreted by certain cells infected by
viruses
-of no benefit to the cell that secretes them
-alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected
-bind to surface receptors on neighboring cells (activate second-messenger systems
within)
, Anatomy and Physiology 255- Exam 3/Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cvelan
22. True or false interferons break down viral genes or prevents replication
and activates NK cells and macrophages: True
23. What are the three routes of complement activation?: Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway
24. What is the complement system?: -a group of 30 or more globular proteins
that make powerful contributions to both innate and adaptive immunity.
-Synthesized mainly by liver
-Circulate in the blood in inactive form
-Activated by presence of a pathogen
25. What are the four methods of pathogen destruction brought by activated
complement?: Inflammation
Immune clearance
Phagocytosis
Cytolysis
26. True or False The classical pathway requires an antibody molecule: True
Part of adaptive immunity
27. True or False the alternative pathway requires an antibody?: False
The alternative pathway is nonspecific, does not require an antibody
28. What occurs in the classical pathway?: -antibody binds to antigen on the
surface of the pathogenic organism, this forms Ag-Ab which is antigen-antibody
complex
-Changes antibodies shape
------Exposing a pair of complement-binding sites
------Binding of the first complement (C1) sets off a reaction cascade called com-
plement fixation which results in a chain of complement proteins attaching to the
antibody.
29. what is lectin?: -plasma proteins that bind to carbohydrates
-bind to certain sugars of a microbial cell surface
-sets off another cascade of C3 production.
30. What is the cascade reaction called that is caused by C1 in the classical
pathway.: complement fixation
31. What does C3 bind to: C3 binds directly to targets such as human tumor cells,
viruses, bacteria, and yeast
32. Forms hole in the target cell
electrolytes leak out, water flows in rapidly, cell ruptures: Cytolysis
33. coats (tags) microbial cell and serves as binding sites for phagocyte
attachment: phagocytosis
34. Destroys the Ag-Ab complex leaving the RBC unharmed: immune clearance
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cvelan
1. What is a pathogen?: agents capable of producing diseases
Ex: viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
2. How many lines of defense against pathogens are there? What are they?: 3
lines of defense
1st: Skin and mucous membranes
2nd: several innate defense mechanisms( leukocytes and macrophages, antimicro-
bial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.)
3rd: adaptive immunity (defeats a pathogens and leaves the body with a "memory"
of it so it can defeat it faster in the future.
3. what is innate immunity?: An immunity that is present in an individual at birth.
(born with this type of immunity)
4. Is innate immunity specific or non-specific?: Non-specific, it doesn't target a
particular disease-causing organism
5. What are the 3 kinds of innate defenses?: Protective proteins
Protective cells
Protective processes
6. What is adaptive immunity?: the body's ability to recognize and defend itself
against distinct invaders
Body must develop separate immunity to each pathogen
the body adapts to a pathogen and wards it off more easily upon future exposure
7. How are the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts protected since
they are open to the exterior?: Mucous membranes (external barrier)
Lysozyme(found in mucous): enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls
Mucus physically traps microbes
8. What are phagocytes?: cells that engulf foreign matter
9. What WBC:
-Wander in connective tissue killing bacteria
-Can kill using phagocytosis and digestion
-Can kill by producing a cloud of bactericidal chemicals: neutrophils
10. What WBC:
-Found especially in the mucous membranes
-Guard against parasites, allergens, and other pathogens
-Kill tapeworms and roundworms by producing superoxide hydrogen perox-
ide, and toxic proteins
-promote action of basophils and mast cells
, Anatomy and Physiology 255- Exam 3/Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cvelan
-phagocytize-antibody complexes
-limit action of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals: Eosinophils
11. What WBC:
-Secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes
-Leukotrienes: activates and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
-Histamine: A vasodilator, which increases blood flow (speeds delivery of
leukocytes to the area)
-Heparin: inhibits clot formation that would impede leukocyte mobility: Ba-
sophils
12. What are T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells?: Lymphocytes
13. Most abundant lymphocyte?: T-cells (80%)
14. What type of cell functions in both the innate and adaptive immunity?: -
T-helper cells
15. What type of lymphocyte is part of innate immunity?: NK cells
(all other cells are apart of adaptive immunity)
16. What do monocytes transform into?: Monocytes emigrate from the blood into
connective tissues and transform into macrophages
17. What is the difference between wandering and fixed macrophages?: Wan-
dering macrophages: actively seek pathogens and are widely distributed in loose
connective tissue.
Fixed macrophages: phagocytize only pathogens that come to them.
18. Where are Microglia, Alveolar, and Stellate macrophages found?: Microglia:
in central nervous system
Alveolar: in lungs
Stellate: in liver
19. What are proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide
short-term, innate immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses?: Antimicrobial
proteins
20. What are the two families of antimicrobial proteins?: Interferons
Complement system
21. What are interferons?: (-Interferons are secreted by certain cells infected by
viruses
-of no benefit to the cell that secretes them
-alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected
-bind to surface receptors on neighboring cells (activate second-messenger systems
within)
, Anatomy and Physiology 255- Exam 3/Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cvelan
22. True or false interferons break down viral genes or prevents replication
and activates NK cells and macrophages: True
23. What are the three routes of complement activation?: Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway
24. What is the complement system?: -a group of 30 or more globular proteins
that make powerful contributions to both innate and adaptive immunity.
-Synthesized mainly by liver
-Circulate in the blood in inactive form
-Activated by presence of a pathogen
25. What are the four methods of pathogen destruction brought by activated
complement?: Inflammation
Immune clearance
Phagocytosis
Cytolysis
26. True or False The classical pathway requires an antibody molecule: True
Part of adaptive immunity
27. True or False the alternative pathway requires an antibody?: False
The alternative pathway is nonspecific, does not require an antibody
28. What occurs in the classical pathway?: -antibody binds to antigen on the
surface of the pathogenic organism, this forms Ag-Ab which is antigen-antibody
complex
-Changes antibodies shape
------Exposing a pair of complement-binding sites
------Binding of the first complement (C1) sets off a reaction cascade called com-
plement fixation which results in a chain of complement proteins attaching to the
antibody.
29. what is lectin?: -plasma proteins that bind to carbohydrates
-bind to certain sugars of a microbial cell surface
-sets off another cascade of C3 production.
30. What is the cascade reaction called that is caused by C1 in the classical
pathway.: complement fixation
31. What does C3 bind to: C3 binds directly to targets such as human tumor cells,
viruses, bacteria, and yeast
32. Forms hole in the target cell
electrolytes leak out, water flows in rapidly, cell ruptures: Cytolysis
33. coats (tags) microbial cell and serves as binding sites for phagocyte
attachment: phagocytosis
34. Destroys the Ag-Ab complex leaving the RBC unharmed: immune clearance
