3/23/25, 7:35 APEA Predictor Remediation Study Set Flashcards |
AM
APEA PREDICTOR REMEDIATION STUDY SET EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Terms in this set (165)
Abnormal atrial depolarization w/ normal ventricular depolarization
AFIB/ EKG finding CHAOS IN THE ATRIUM
NO P waves
Controlled- <100 bpm
Types of AFIB
Uncontrolled- >100 bpm
Rate control: Metoprolol (BBS) or Diltiazem (CCBs)
Management & Meds ( rate control, rhythm
rhythm control w/ antiarrhythmics (
control, anticoags)
Amiodarone) Anticoags- Warfarin - ASSESS
CHADS-VASC score
Stroke risk tool used for AFIB
CHADS-VASC score
CHF, HTN, >/= 75 yo, DM, prior stroke/ TIA/Thromboembolism
prevents conduction of unwanted cardiac impulses
Amiodarone (MOA, LONG TERM
Test tip: assess chest x-ray & PFTs prior to initiation
USE CAUSES?)
Long term use can lead to hypothyroidism, pulmonary toxicity & optic neuropathy
normal:1 goal:2-3,
Tx: if <2 increase dose; antidote: Vitamin K
Warfarin INR 2-9: hold & drop dose
INR >10 (- BLEEDING): Oral Vit K INR
>10 (+ BLEEDING_): IV vit K
Things to avoid with Wafarin Green leafy vegs, mayo, canola oil, beef liver,
ABX, antifungal, antidepressants, alternative (St. Johns wort, Gingko), antiplatelet, and
Drug to drug interaction (Warfarin) 8 A'S
anti-inflammatories, amiodarone, acetaminophen
<140/90 in pts <60 and past hx of HTN/DM
HTN (goal) <150/90 in pts >60 (more flexibity b/c arteries get stiff)
JNC <130/80; If ACVSD risk >10 initiate HTN meds
TX HTN (1ST) Lifestyle modifications, herbal ( COQ10)
1/10
, 3/23/25, 7:35 APEA Predictor Remediation Study Set Flashcards |
AM
"PRIL" Captopril, Enalapril, Afosiopril
Antihypertensive. Blocks ACE ( angiotension converting enzyme) lungs from
ACE Inhibitors ( slow down how much AT2
converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II (powerful vasoconstrictor). Decreases BP,
your body makes)
Decreased Aldosterone secretions, Sodium and fluid loss. Heart and renal protective
for DM
*Orthostatic Hypotension, cough, angioedema, HYPERKALEMIA RISK
-Sartan (losartan
ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker)
antagonizes action of aldosterone
( blocks the receptors that use AT2 use
Heart and renal protective for DM
to narrow the blood vessels)
Hyperkalemia risk, dizziness
HCTZ or chlorthalidone
Blocks the sodium chloride channel in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney(
decrease sodium reabsorption and therefore decreases fluid reabsorption)
THIAZIDE
preferred in osteoporosis & AA pts.
Avoid in pts w/ hypercholestermia, gout and DM; causes increases in uric acid,
glucose, triglycerides, and calcium
agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, causing a
slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a
relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to
Calcium channel blockers prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
Preferred in >65 yo & AA
pts SE: ankle edema,
headaches
AVOID IN PTS WITH GERD- WEAKENS GASTRIC SPHINCTER
Caused by stiff arteries; overactive thyroid, DM, seen in pts >60; bp goal: <150
Idiopathic systolic HTN systolic
TX: CCB
Acute febrile illness of unknown cause resulting in vascular
inflammation leading cause of heart disease in < 5 yo
Kawaski (CREAM) high fever (up to 104 greater than 5 days), strawberry tongue, peripheral edema,
conjunctival redness, peeling polymorphic rash over trunk, cervical
lymphadenopathy (Often unilateral) dry lips, hand/foot swelling
Aspirin & IVIG
TX of Kawasaki
Resolves in 4-8 weeks; f/u w. cardiology
S3- Gallop- heard @ the end of diastole, heard in HF or pregnancy
Murmurs s3 & s4 S4- Atrial kick- heard right before systole caused by uncontrolled HTN or LV
hypertrophy; benign finding in elderly
Mitral regurgitation- mitral valve doesn't close properly and causes blood to flow
backward into left atrium of the heart; radiates to the axillae; can cause circulation
issues
physiological- innocent murmur; turbulent blood flow
Systolic murmur ( MR PASS MVP) aortic stenosis- narrowing of the aortic valve, can cause dyspnea, syncope and
angina on exertion
systolic mitral valve prolapse- mitral valve's flaps bulge into the left atrium of
the heart during contraction phase of the heart.
Dental prophylaxis not necessary for MVP
Aortic regurgitation- aortic valve doesn't close tightly causing leaks
Diastolic murmurs (ARMS DEALER)- sound
mitral stenosis- the mitral valve is narrowed
when heart relaxes during beat
diastolic= DOOM- must be referred to cardiology
2/10
AM
APEA PREDICTOR REMEDIATION STUDY SET EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Terms in this set (165)
Abnormal atrial depolarization w/ normal ventricular depolarization
AFIB/ EKG finding CHAOS IN THE ATRIUM
NO P waves
Controlled- <100 bpm
Types of AFIB
Uncontrolled- >100 bpm
Rate control: Metoprolol (BBS) or Diltiazem (CCBs)
Management & Meds ( rate control, rhythm
rhythm control w/ antiarrhythmics (
control, anticoags)
Amiodarone) Anticoags- Warfarin - ASSESS
CHADS-VASC score
Stroke risk tool used for AFIB
CHADS-VASC score
CHF, HTN, >/= 75 yo, DM, prior stroke/ TIA/Thromboembolism
prevents conduction of unwanted cardiac impulses
Amiodarone (MOA, LONG TERM
Test tip: assess chest x-ray & PFTs prior to initiation
USE CAUSES?)
Long term use can lead to hypothyroidism, pulmonary toxicity & optic neuropathy
normal:1 goal:2-3,
Tx: if <2 increase dose; antidote: Vitamin K
Warfarin INR 2-9: hold & drop dose
INR >10 (- BLEEDING): Oral Vit K INR
>10 (+ BLEEDING_): IV vit K
Things to avoid with Wafarin Green leafy vegs, mayo, canola oil, beef liver,
ABX, antifungal, antidepressants, alternative (St. Johns wort, Gingko), antiplatelet, and
Drug to drug interaction (Warfarin) 8 A'S
anti-inflammatories, amiodarone, acetaminophen
<140/90 in pts <60 and past hx of HTN/DM
HTN (goal) <150/90 in pts >60 (more flexibity b/c arteries get stiff)
JNC <130/80; If ACVSD risk >10 initiate HTN meds
TX HTN (1ST) Lifestyle modifications, herbal ( COQ10)
1/10
, 3/23/25, 7:35 APEA Predictor Remediation Study Set Flashcards |
AM
"PRIL" Captopril, Enalapril, Afosiopril
Antihypertensive. Blocks ACE ( angiotension converting enzyme) lungs from
ACE Inhibitors ( slow down how much AT2
converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II (powerful vasoconstrictor). Decreases BP,
your body makes)
Decreased Aldosterone secretions, Sodium and fluid loss. Heart and renal protective
for DM
*Orthostatic Hypotension, cough, angioedema, HYPERKALEMIA RISK
-Sartan (losartan
ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker)
antagonizes action of aldosterone
( blocks the receptors that use AT2 use
Heart and renal protective for DM
to narrow the blood vessels)
Hyperkalemia risk, dizziness
HCTZ or chlorthalidone
Blocks the sodium chloride channel in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney(
decrease sodium reabsorption and therefore decreases fluid reabsorption)
THIAZIDE
preferred in osteoporosis & AA pts.
Avoid in pts w/ hypercholestermia, gout and DM; causes increases in uric acid,
glucose, triglycerides, and calcium
agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, causing a
slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a
relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to
Calcium channel blockers prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
Preferred in >65 yo & AA
pts SE: ankle edema,
headaches
AVOID IN PTS WITH GERD- WEAKENS GASTRIC SPHINCTER
Caused by stiff arteries; overactive thyroid, DM, seen in pts >60; bp goal: <150
Idiopathic systolic HTN systolic
TX: CCB
Acute febrile illness of unknown cause resulting in vascular
inflammation leading cause of heart disease in < 5 yo
Kawaski (CREAM) high fever (up to 104 greater than 5 days), strawberry tongue, peripheral edema,
conjunctival redness, peeling polymorphic rash over trunk, cervical
lymphadenopathy (Often unilateral) dry lips, hand/foot swelling
Aspirin & IVIG
TX of Kawasaki
Resolves in 4-8 weeks; f/u w. cardiology
S3- Gallop- heard @ the end of diastole, heard in HF or pregnancy
Murmurs s3 & s4 S4- Atrial kick- heard right before systole caused by uncontrolled HTN or LV
hypertrophy; benign finding in elderly
Mitral regurgitation- mitral valve doesn't close properly and causes blood to flow
backward into left atrium of the heart; radiates to the axillae; can cause circulation
issues
physiological- innocent murmur; turbulent blood flow
Systolic murmur ( MR PASS MVP) aortic stenosis- narrowing of the aortic valve, can cause dyspnea, syncope and
angina on exertion
systolic mitral valve prolapse- mitral valve's flaps bulge into the left atrium of
the heart during contraction phase of the heart.
Dental prophylaxis not necessary for MVP
Aortic regurgitation- aortic valve doesn't close tightly causing leaks
Diastolic murmurs (ARMS DEALER)- sound
mitral stenosis- the mitral valve is narrowed
when heart relaxes during beat
diastolic= DOOM- must be referred to cardiology
2/10
