3/23/25, 8:02 NURS 661 EXAM 1 KEY POINTS |
AM
NURS 661 EXAM 1 KEY POINTS QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Terms in this set (133)
Hallmark of CBT.
Non-directive.
Socratic Dialogue A technique described as "mutual discovery in which the therapist guides the
patient through a series of questions and answers to elicit automatic thoughts and
assumptions, and examine the logic and evidence that relates to them"
Serves to explore how biological or genetic traits diathesis interact with
Diathesis-Stress Model environmental influences, stressors to produce disorders such as depression,
anxiety, or schizophrenia
Regulates cortisol, a potent hormone that inhibits growth, immune responses, and
inflammatory responses.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis In severe and prolonged stress, this feedback to the pituitary gland is impaired
and the hypothalamus does not decrease its activity, thus continuing to pump too
much cortisol
This potent stress hormone mobilizes energy stores, stimulates the release of
Cortisol glucose, potentiates the release of adrenaline, increases cardiovascular tone, and
inhibits growth, immune, and inflammatory responses
For those with PTSD, it is hypothesized that the brain may become hypersensitive to
How PTSD affects cortisol production the effects of cortisol. The person has a consequent loss of stimulus discrimination,
and even minor triggers may cause the person to overact.
· Body image distortion
· Dissatisfaction
Risk Factors for Eating Disorders
· Perfectionism
· History of anxiety
Trust vs. mistrust
Erikson's Stages of
Development Infancy (birth to
Pathological Outcome: Psychosis, addictions, depression
18 months)
Autonomy vs. self-doubt
Erikson's Stages of Development
Early childhood (18 months to 3 years)
Pathological Outcome: Paranoia, obsessions, compulsions, impulsivity
Initiative vs. guilt
Erikson's Stages of
Development Late childhood
Pathological Outcome: Conversion disorder, phobias, psychosomatic disorder
(3 to 6 years)
Industry vs. inferiority
Erikson's Stages of
Development School age (6 to
Pathological Outcome: Inertia, creative inhibition
12 years)
Identity vs. role confusion
Erikson's Stages of
Development Adolescent (12 Pathological Outcome: Delinquency, gender-related identity disorders, borderline
to 20 years) psychotic episodes
Intimacy vs. isolation
Erikson's Stages of
Development Young adult (20
Pathological Outcome: Schizoid personality
to 30 years)
Generativity vs. stagnation
Erikson's Stages of
1/
9
, 3/23/25, 8:02 NURS 661 EXAM 1 KEY POINTS |
AM
Pathological Outcome: Midlife crisis, premature invalidism
Development Adulthood (30 to
60 years)
Ego integrity vs. despair
Erikson's Stages of
Development Old age (65 year
Pathological Outcome: Extreme alienation, despair
to death)
Task: to establish trust; comfortable expression and gratification of oral needs
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Oral (birth to 18 months) Problematic Traits: Excessive dependency; envy and jealousy; narcissism; pessimism;
excessive optimism
Task: learning independence and control
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Anal (18 months to 3 years) Problematic Traits: Orderliness; obstinacy; frugality; heightened ambivalence;
messiness; defiance; rage; obsessive compulsive; sadomasochism
Task: identification with same sex parent; development of sexual identity
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Phallic/Oedipal (3 to 6 years) Problematic Traits: sexual identity issues; castration in males; penis envy in females;
excessive guilt
Task: sexuality sublimated; emphasis on same sex peers
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Latency (6 to 12 years) Problematic Traits: inability to sublimate energies to learn; excessive inner control;
obsessive traits
Task: establishment of separation from parents and mature non-incestuous
relationships with others
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Genital (13 to 20 years)
Problematic Traits: reworking all the previous developmental issues; establishing a
life not dependent on parents
For those who have been significantly traumatized, it is much harder to process
any new experience if there are not enough cells in the hippocampus
Decreased functioning of the hippocampus is caused by increased levels of cortisol
combined with other substances, such as glutamate, which damages dendrites in
Hippocampus following a traumatic event
the hippocampus and eventually causes cell death. Glucocorticoids secreted
during a
traumatic experience shut down the hippocampus and make it impossible for
memory to be adaptively linked. These hormonal changes result in
behavioral disinhibition and an inability to learn from experience.
2 types of reactions to traumatic events: 1) emotional under modulation with intrusive
symptoms leading to hyperactivity of the medial prefrontal cortex and inhibition of
the amygdala, 2) hypoarousal of the prefrontal cortex and activation of the
amygdala
Amygdala following a traumatic event When the amygdala is overactivated and irritable, kindling occurs. Kindling refers to
lowering of the excitability threshold of neurons, rendering the person increasingly
likely to develop certain symptoms.
With repeated stress, kindling is thought to sensitize limbic neurons, so the
reactions are set off by stimuli that were previously subthreshold
Regulates BP, body temperature, sleep, appetite, glucose levels, and the autonomic
nervous system.
Hypothalamus following a traumatic event During stress, a cascade of physiological responses occurs, with the limbic-
hypothalamic system modulating and coordinating the biochemical activity of the
autonomic, endocrine, and immune systems
2/
9
AM
NURS 661 EXAM 1 KEY POINTS QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Terms in this set (133)
Hallmark of CBT.
Non-directive.
Socratic Dialogue A technique described as "mutual discovery in which the therapist guides the
patient through a series of questions and answers to elicit automatic thoughts and
assumptions, and examine the logic and evidence that relates to them"
Serves to explore how biological or genetic traits diathesis interact with
Diathesis-Stress Model environmental influences, stressors to produce disorders such as depression,
anxiety, or schizophrenia
Regulates cortisol, a potent hormone that inhibits growth, immune responses, and
inflammatory responses.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis In severe and prolonged stress, this feedback to the pituitary gland is impaired
and the hypothalamus does not decrease its activity, thus continuing to pump too
much cortisol
This potent stress hormone mobilizes energy stores, stimulates the release of
Cortisol glucose, potentiates the release of adrenaline, increases cardiovascular tone, and
inhibits growth, immune, and inflammatory responses
For those with PTSD, it is hypothesized that the brain may become hypersensitive to
How PTSD affects cortisol production the effects of cortisol. The person has a consequent loss of stimulus discrimination,
and even minor triggers may cause the person to overact.
· Body image distortion
· Dissatisfaction
Risk Factors for Eating Disorders
· Perfectionism
· History of anxiety
Trust vs. mistrust
Erikson's Stages of
Development Infancy (birth to
Pathological Outcome: Psychosis, addictions, depression
18 months)
Autonomy vs. self-doubt
Erikson's Stages of Development
Early childhood (18 months to 3 years)
Pathological Outcome: Paranoia, obsessions, compulsions, impulsivity
Initiative vs. guilt
Erikson's Stages of
Development Late childhood
Pathological Outcome: Conversion disorder, phobias, psychosomatic disorder
(3 to 6 years)
Industry vs. inferiority
Erikson's Stages of
Development School age (6 to
Pathological Outcome: Inertia, creative inhibition
12 years)
Identity vs. role confusion
Erikson's Stages of
Development Adolescent (12 Pathological Outcome: Delinquency, gender-related identity disorders, borderline
to 20 years) psychotic episodes
Intimacy vs. isolation
Erikson's Stages of
Development Young adult (20
Pathological Outcome: Schizoid personality
to 30 years)
Generativity vs. stagnation
Erikson's Stages of
1/
9
, 3/23/25, 8:02 NURS 661 EXAM 1 KEY POINTS |
AM
Pathological Outcome: Midlife crisis, premature invalidism
Development Adulthood (30 to
60 years)
Ego integrity vs. despair
Erikson's Stages of
Development Old age (65 year
Pathological Outcome: Extreme alienation, despair
to death)
Task: to establish trust; comfortable expression and gratification of oral needs
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Oral (birth to 18 months) Problematic Traits: Excessive dependency; envy and jealousy; narcissism; pessimism;
excessive optimism
Task: learning independence and control
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Anal (18 months to 3 years) Problematic Traits: Orderliness; obstinacy; frugality; heightened ambivalence;
messiness; defiance; rage; obsessive compulsive; sadomasochism
Task: identification with same sex parent; development of sexual identity
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Phallic/Oedipal (3 to 6 years) Problematic Traits: sexual identity issues; castration in males; penis envy in females;
excessive guilt
Task: sexuality sublimated; emphasis on same sex peers
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Latency (6 to 12 years) Problematic Traits: inability to sublimate energies to learn; excessive inner control;
obsessive traits
Task: establishment of separation from parents and mature non-incestuous
relationships with others
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Genital (13 to 20 years)
Problematic Traits: reworking all the previous developmental issues; establishing a
life not dependent on parents
For those who have been significantly traumatized, it is much harder to process
any new experience if there are not enough cells in the hippocampus
Decreased functioning of the hippocampus is caused by increased levels of cortisol
combined with other substances, such as glutamate, which damages dendrites in
Hippocampus following a traumatic event
the hippocampus and eventually causes cell death. Glucocorticoids secreted
during a
traumatic experience shut down the hippocampus and make it impossible for
memory to be adaptively linked. These hormonal changes result in
behavioral disinhibition and an inability to learn from experience.
2 types of reactions to traumatic events: 1) emotional under modulation with intrusive
symptoms leading to hyperactivity of the medial prefrontal cortex and inhibition of
the amygdala, 2) hypoarousal of the prefrontal cortex and activation of the
amygdala
Amygdala following a traumatic event When the amygdala is overactivated and irritable, kindling occurs. Kindling refers to
lowering of the excitability threshold of neurons, rendering the person increasingly
likely to develop certain symptoms.
With repeated stress, kindling is thought to sensitize limbic neurons, so the
reactions are set off by stimuli that were previously subthreshold
Regulates BP, body temperature, sleep, appetite, glucose levels, and the autonomic
nervous system.
Hypothalamus following a traumatic event During stress, a cascade of physiological responses occurs, with the limbic-
hypothalamic system modulating and coordinating the biochemical activity of the
autonomic, endocrine, and immune systems
2/
9
