Test Bank for Campbell Biology 12th Edition
g g g g g g g
ANSWERgggAgmodifiedgformgofgguaninegnucleotidegaddedgontogtheg5′gendgofgagpre-
g
mRNAgmolecule.
Agsiteg-
gANSWERgggOnegofgagribosome'sgthreegbindinggsitesgforgtRNAgduringgtranslation.gTh
egAgsitegholdsgthegtRNAgcarryinggthegnextgaminogacidgtogbegaddedgtogthegpolypeptide
gchain.g(AgstandsgforgaminoacylgtRNA.)
ABCghypothesisg-
gANSWERgggAgmodelgofgflowergformationgidentifyinggthreegclassesgofgorgangidentitygg
enesgthatgdirectgformationgofgthegfourgtypesgofgfloralgorgans.
gANSWERgggNonliving;greferringgtogthegphysicalgandgchemicalgpropertiesgofgangenvir
onment.
abortiong-gANSWERgggThegterminationgofgagpregnancygingprogress.
gANSWERgggAgplantghormonegthatgslowsggrowth,goftengantagonizinggthegactionsgofgg
rowthghormones.gTwogofgitsgmanygeffectsgaregtogpromotegseedgdormancygandgfacilita
tegdroughtgtolerance.
absorptiong-
gANSWERgggThegthirdgstagegofgfoodgprocessingginganimals:gtheguptakegofgsmallgnutri
entgmoleculesgbygangorganism'sgbody.
absorptiongspectrumg-
gANSWERgggThegrangegofgagpigment'sgabilitygtogabsorbgvariousgwavelengthsgofglight;
galsogaggraphgofgsuchgagrange.
g ANSWERgggThegpartgofgthegocean'sgbenthicgzonegbetweeng2,000gandg6,000gmgdeep
.
gANSWERgggAnygofgaggroupgofgancientgjawedgaquaticgvertebratesgfromgthegSilurianga
ndgDevoniangperiods.
accessorygfruitg-
gANSWERgggAgfruit,gorgassemblagegofgfruits,gingwhichgthegfleshygpartsgaregderivedglar
gelygorgentirelygfromgtissuesgothergthangthegovary.
g ANSWERgggPhysiologicalgadjustmentgtogagchangegingangenvironmentalgfactor.
,acetylgCoAg-
gANSWERgggAcetylgcoenzymegA;gthegentrygcompoundgforgthegcitricgacidgcyclegingcell
ulargrespiration,gformedgfromgagtwo-
carbongfragmentgofgpyruvategattachedgtogagcoenzyme.
gANSWERgggOnegofgthegmostgcommongneurotransmitters;gfunctionsgbygbindinggtogre
ceptorsgandgalteringgthegpermeabilitygofgthegpostsynapticgmembranegtogspecificgions,
geithergdepolarizinggorghyperpolarizinggthegmembrane.
acidg-
gANSWERgggAgsubstancegthatgincreasesgtheghydrogengiongconcentrationgofgagsolutio
n.
bodiedganimalglackinggagcavitygbetweengtheggutgandgoutergbodygwall.
acquiredgimmunodeficiencygsyndromeg(AIDS)g-
gANSWERgggThegsymptomsgandgsignsgpresentgduringgtheglategstagesgofgHIVginfectio
n,gdefinedgbygagspecifiedgreductiongingthegnumbergofgTgcellsgandgthegappearancegofg
characteristicgsecondaryginfections.
gANSWERgggThegdischargegofghydrolyticgenzymesgfromgthegacrosome,gagvesiclegingt
hegtipgofgagsperm,gwhengthegspermgapproachesgorgcontactsgangegg.
gANSWERgggAgvesiclegingthegtipgofgagspermgcontainingghydrolyticgenzymesgandgother
gproteinsgthatghelpgthegspermgreachgthegegg.
tin)g-
gANSWERgggAgglobulargproteingthatglinksgintogchains,gtwogofgwhichgtwistghelicallygabo
utgeachgother,gforminggmicrofilamentsg(actingfilaments)gingmusclegandgothergkindsgofg
cells.
actiongpotentialg-
gANSWERgggAngelectricalgsignalgthatgpropagatesg(travels)galonggthegmembranegofgag
neurongorgothergexcitablegcellgasgagnongradedg(all-or-none)gdepolarization.
actiongspectrumg-
gANSWERgggAggraphgthatgprofilesgthegrelativegeffectivenessgofgdifferentgwavelengthsg
ofgradiationgingdrivinggagparticulargprocess.
activationgenergyg-
gANSWERgggThegamountgofgenergygthatgreactantsgmustgabsorbgbeforegagchemicalgre
actiongwillgstart;galsogcalledgfreegenergygofgactivation.
activatorg-
gANSWERgggAgproteingthatgbindsgtogDNAgandgstimulatesggenegtranscription.gIngproka
,ryotes,gactivatorsgbindgingorgneargthegpromoter;gingeukaryotes,gactivatorsggenerallygbi
ndgtogcontrolgelementsgingenhancers.
activegimmunityg-gANSWERgggLong-
lastinggimmunitygconferredgbygthegactiongofgBgcellsgandgTgcellsgandgthegresultinggBga
ndgTgmemorygcellsgspecificgforgagpathogen.gActivegimmunitygcangdevelopgasgagresultg
ofgnaturalginfectiongorgimmunization.
activegsiteg-
gANSWERgggThegspecificgregiongofgangenzymegthatgbindsgthegsubstrategandgthatgfor
msgthegpocketgingwhichgcatalysisgoccurs.
activegtransportg-
gANSWERgggThegmovementgofgagsubstancegacrossgagcellgmembranegagainstgitsgcon
centrationgorgelectrochemicalggradient,gmediatedgbygspecificgtransportgproteinsgandgr
equiringgangexpendituregofgenergy.
adaptationg-
gANSWERgggInheritedgcharacteristicgofgangorganismgthatgenhancesgitsgsurvivalgandgr
eproductiongingagspecificgenvironment.
adaptivegevolutiong-
gANSWERgggEvolutiongthatgresultsgingagbettergmatchgbetweengorganismsgandgtheirge
nvironment.
adaptivegimmunityg-gANSWERgggAgvertebrate-
specificgdefensegthatgisgmediatedgbygBglymphocytesg(Bgcells)gandgTglymphocytesg(Tg
cells)gandgthatgexhibitsgspecificity,gmemory,gandgself-
nonselfgrecognition;galsogcalledgacquiredgimmunity.
adaptivegradiationg-
gANSWERgggPeriodgofgevolutionarygchangegingwhichggroupsgofgorganismsgformgman
ygnewgspeciesgwhosegadaptationsgallowgthemgtogfillgdifferentgecologicalgrolesgingtheirg
communities.
additiongruleg-
gANSWERgggAgrulegofgprobabilitygstatinggthatgthegprobabilitygofganygonegofgtwogorgmo
regmutuallygexclusivegeventsgoccurringgcangbegdeterminedgbygaddinggtheirgindividualg
probabilities.
gANSWERgggAngenzymegthatgconvertsgATPgtogcyclicgAMPgingresponsegtogangextracel
lulargsignal.
adhesiong-
gANSWERgggThegclinginggofgonegsubstancegtoganother,gsuchgasgwatergtogplantgcellgw
allsgbygmeansgofghydrogengbonds.
, adiposegtissueg-
gANSWERgggAgconnectivegtissuegthatginsulatesgthegbodygandgservesgasgagfuelgreserv
e;gcontainsgfat-storinggcellsgcalledgadiposegcells.
gANSWERgggOnegofgtwogendocrinegglandsglocatedgadjacentgtogthegkidneysgingmamm
als.gEndocrinegcellsgingthegoutergportiong(cortex)grespondgtogadrenocorticotropicghor
moneg(ACTH)gbygsecretinggsteroidghormonesgthatghelpgmaintainghomeostasisgduring
glong-
termgstress.gNeurosecretorygcellsgingthegcentralgportiong(medulla)gsecretegepinephrin
egandgnorepinephrinegingresponsegtognervegsignalsgtriggeredgbygshort-termgstress.
aerobicgrespirationg-
gANSWERgggAgcatabolicgpathwaygforgorganicgmolecules,gusinggoxygeng(O2)(O2)gasgt
hegfinalgelectrongacceptorgingangelectrongtransportgchaingandgultimatelygproducinggAT
P.gThisgisgthegmostgefficientgcatabolicgpathwaygandgisgcarriedgoutgingmostgeukaryoticg
cellsgandgmanygprokaryoticgorganisms.
agegstructureg-
gANSWERgggThegrelativegnumbergofgindividualsgofgeachgagegingagpopulation.
aggregategfruitg-
gANSWERgggAgfruitgderivedgfromgagsinglegflowergthatghasgmoregthangonegcarpel.
AIDSg(acquiredgimmunodeficiencygsyndrome)g-
gANSWERgggThegsymptomsgandgsignsgpresentgduringgtheglategstagesgofgHIVginfectio
n,gdefinedgbygagspecifiedgreductiongingthegnumbergofgTgcellsgandgthegappearancegofg
characteristicgsecondaryginfections.
alcoholgfermentationg-
gANSWERgggGlycolysisgfollowedgbygthegreductiongofgpyruvategtogethylgalcohol,gregen
eratinggNAD+NAD+gandgreleasinggcarbongdioxide.
algag(plural,galgae)g-
gANSWERgggAggeneralgtermgforganygspeciesgofgphotosyntheticgprotist,gincludinggbothg
unicellulargandgmulticellulargforms.gAlgalgspeciesgaregincludedgingthreegeukaryotegsu
pergroupsg(Excavata,gSAR,gandgArchaeplastida).
gANSWERgggAgcompletegdigestivegtract,gconsistinggofgagtubegrunninggbetweengagmou
thgandganganus.
alkalinegventg-gANSWERgggAgdeep-
seaghydrothermalgventgthatgreleasesgwatergthatgisgwarmg(40-
90°C)grathergthanghotgandgthatghasgaghighgpHg(isgbasic).gThesegventsgconsistgofgtinyg
poresglinedgwithgirongandgothergcatalyticgmineralsgthatgsomegscientistsghypothesizeg
mightghavegbeengtheglocationgofgthegearliestgabioticgsynthesisgofgorganicgcompounds
.
g g g g g g g
ANSWERgggAgmodifiedgformgofgguaninegnucleotidegaddedgontogtheg5′gendgofgagpre-
g
mRNAgmolecule.
Agsiteg-
gANSWERgggOnegofgagribosome'sgthreegbindinggsitesgforgtRNAgduringgtranslation.gTh
egAgsitegholdsgthegtRNAgcarryinggthegnextgaminogacidgtogbegaddedgtogthegpolypeptide
gchain.g(AgstandsgforgaminoacylgtRNA.)
ABCghypothesisg-
gANSWERgggAgmodelgofgflowergformationgidentifyinggthreegclassesgofgorgangidentitygg
enesgthatgdirectgformationgofgthegfourgtypesgofgfloralgorgans.
gANSWERgggNonliving;greferringgtogthegphysicalgandgchemicalgpropertiesgofgangenvir
onment.
abortiong-gANSWERgggThegterminationgofgagpregnancygingprogress.
gANSWERgggAgplantghormonegthatgslowsggrowth,goftengantagonizinggthegactionsgofgg
rowthghormones.gTwogofgitsgmanygeffectsgaregtogpromotegseedgdormancygandgfacilita
tegdroughtgtolerance.
absorptiong-
gANSWERgggThegthirdgstagegofgfoodgprocessingginganimals:gtheguptakegofgsmallgnutri
entgmoleculesgbygangorganism'sgbody.
absorptiongspectrumg-
gANSWERgggThegrangegofgagpigment'sgabilitygtogabsorbgvariousgwavelengthsgofglight;
galsogaggraphgofgsuchgagrange.
g ANSWERgggThegpartgofgthegocean'sgbenthicgzonegbetweeng2,000gandg6,000gmgdeep
.
gANSWERgggAnygofgaggroupgofgancientgjawedgaquaticgvertebratesgfromgthegSilurianga
ndgDevoniangperiods.
accessorygfruitg-
gANSWERgggAgfruit,gorgassemblagegofgfruits,gingwhichgthegfleshygpartsgaregderivedglar
gelygorgentirelygfromgtissuesgothergthangthegovary.
g ANSWERgggPhysiologicalgadjustmentgtogagchangegingangenvironmentalgfactor.
,acetylgCoAg-
gANSWERgggAcetylgcoenzymegA;gthegentrygcompoundgforgthegcitricgacidgcyclegingcell
ulargrespiration,gformedgfromgagtwo-
carbongfragmentgofgpyruvategattachedgtogagcoenzyme.
gANSWERgggOnegofgthegmostgcommongneurotransmitters;gfunctionsgbygbindinggtogre
ceptorsgandgalteringgthegpermeabilitygofgthegpostsynapticgmembranegtogspecificgions,
geithergdepolarizinggorghyperpolarizinggthegmembrane.
acidg-
gANSWERgggAgsubstancegthatgincreasesgtheghydrogengiongconcentrationgofgagsolutio
n.
bodiedganimalglackinggagcavitygbetweengtheggutgandgoutergbodygwall.
acquiredgimmunodeficiencygsyndromeg(AIDS)g-
gANSWERgggThegsymptomsgandgsignsgpresentgduringgtheglategstagesgofgHIVginfectio
n,gdefinedgbygagspecifiedgreductiongingthegnumbergofgTgcellsgandgthegappearancegofg
characteristicgsecondaryginfections.
gANSWERgggThegdischargegofghydrolyticgenzymesgfromgthegacrosome,gagvesiclegingt
hegtipgofgagsperm,gwhengthegspermgapproachesgorgcontactsgangegg.
gANSWERgggAgvesiclegingthegtipgofgagspermgcontainingghydrolyticgenzymesgandgother
gproteinsgthatghelpgthegspermgreachgthegegg.
tin)g-
gANSWERgggAgglobulargproteingthatglinksgintogchains,gtwogofgwhichgtwistghelicallygabo
utgeachgother,gforminggmicrofilamentsg(actingfilaments)gingmusclegandgothergkindsgofg
cells.
actiongpotentialg-
gANSWERgggAngelectricalgsignalgthatgpropagatesg(travels)galonggthegmembranegofgag
neurongorgothergexcitablegcellgasgagnongradedg(all-or-none)gdepolarization.
actiongspectrumg-
gANSWERgggAggraphgthatgprofilesgthegrelativegeffectivenessgofgdifferentgwavelengthsg
ofgradiationgingdrivinggagparticulargprocess.
activationgenergyg-
gANSWERgggThegamountgofgenergygthatgreactantsgmustgabsorbgbeforegagchemicalgre
actiongwillgstart;galsogcalledgfreegenergygofgactivation.
activatorg-
gANSWERgggAgproteingthatgbindsgtogDNAgandgstimulatesggenegtranscription.gIngproka
,ryotes,gactivatorsgbindgingorgneargthegpromoter;gingeukaryotes,gactivatorsggenerallygbi
ndgtogcontrolgelementsgingenhancers.
activegimmunityg-gANSWERgggLong-
lastinggimmunitygconferredgbygthegactiongofgBgcellsgandgTgcellsgandgthegresultinggBga
ndgTgmemorygcellsgspecificgforgagpathogen.gActivegimmunitygcangdevelopgasgagresultg
ofgnaturalginfectiongorgimmunization.
activegsiteg-
gANSWERgggThegspecificgregiongofgangenzymegthatgbindsgthegsubstrategandgthatgfor
msgthegpocketgingwhichgcatalysisgoccurs.
activegtransportg-
gANSWERgggThegmovementgofgagsubstancegacrossgagcellgmembranegagainstgitsgcon
centrationgorgelectrochemicalggradient,gmediatedgbygspecificgtransportgproteinsgandgr
equiringgangexpendituregofgenergy.
adaptationg-
gANSWERgggInheritedgcharacteristicgofgangorganismgthatgenhancesgitsgsurvivalgandgr
eproductiongingagspecificgenvironment.
adaptivegevolutiong-
gANSWERgggEvolutiongthatgresultsgingagbettergmatchgbetweengorganismsgandgtheirge
nvironment.
adaptivegimmunityg-gANSWERgggAgvertebrate-
specificgdefensegthatgisgmediatedgbygBglymphocytesg(Bgcells)gandgTglymphocytesg(Tg
cells)gandgthatgexhibitsgspecificity,gmemory,gandgself-
nonselfgrecognition;galsogcalledgacquiredgimmunity.
adaptivegradiationg-
gANSWERgggPeriodgofgevolutionarygchangegingwhichggroupsgofgorganismsgformgman
ygnewgspeciesgwhosegadaptationsgallowgthemgtogfillgdifferentgecologicalgrolesgingtheirg
communities.
additiongruleg-
gANSWERgggAgrulegofgprobabilitygstatinggthatgthegprobabilitygofganygonegofgtwogorgmo
regmutuallygexclusivegeventsgoccurringgcangbegdeterminedgbygaddinggtheirgindividualg
probabilities.
gANSWERgggAngenzymegthatgconvertsgATPgtogcyclicgAMPgingresponsegtogangextracel
lulargsignal.
adhesiong-
gANSWERgggThegclinginggofgonegsubstancegtoganother,gsuchgasgwatergtogplantgcellgw
allsgbygmeansgofghydrogengbonds.
, adiposegtissueg-
gANSWERgggAgconnectivegtissuegthatginsulatesgthegbodygandgservesgasgagfuelgreserv
e;gcontainsgfat-storinggcellsgcalledgadiposegcells.
gANSWERgggOnegofgtwogendocrinegglandsglocatedgadjacentgtogthegkidneysgingmamm
als.gEndocrinegcellsgingthegoutergportiong(cortex)grespondgtogadrenocorticotropicghor
moneg(ACTH)gbygsecretinggsteroidghormonesgthatghelpgmaintainghomeostasisgduring
glong-
termgstress.gNeurosecretorygcellsgingthegcentralgportiong(medulla)gsecretegepinephrin
egandgnorepinephrinegingresponsegtognervegsignalsgtriggeredgbygshort-termgstress.
aerobicgrespirationg-
gANSWERgggAgcatabolicgpathwaygforgorganicgmolecules,gusinggoxygeng(O2)(O2)gasgt
hegfinalgelectrongacceptorgingangelectrongtransportgchaingandgultimatelygproducinggAT
P.gThisgisgthegmostgefficientgcatabolicgpathwaygandgisgcarriedgoutgingmostgeukaryoticg
cellsgandgmanygprokaryoticgorganisms.
agegstructureg-
gANSWERgggThegrelativegnumbergofgindividualsgofgeachgagegingagpopulation.
aggregategfruitg-
gANSWERgggAgfruitgderivedgfromgagsinglegflowergthatghasgmoregthangonegcarpel.
AIDSg(acquiredgimmunodeficiencygsyndrome)g-
gANSWERgggThegsymptomsgandgsignsgpresentgduringgtheglategstagesgofgHIVginfectio
n,gdefinedgbygagspecifiedgreductiongingthegnumbergofgTgcellsgandgthegappearancegofg
characteristicgsecondaryginfections.
alcoholgfermentationg-
gANSWERgggGlycolysisgfollowedgbygthegreductiongofgpyruvategtogethylgalcohol,gregen
eratinggNAD+NAD+gandgreleasinggcarbongdioxide.
algag(plural,galgae)g-
gANSWERgggAggeneralgtermgforganygspeciesgofgphotosyntheticgprotist,gincludinggbothg
unicellulargandgmulticellulargforms.gAlgalgspeciesgaregincludedgingthreegeukaryotegsu
pergroupsg(Excavata,gSAR,gandgArchaeplastida).
gANSWERgggAgcompletegdigestivegtract,gconsistinggofgagtubegrunninggbetweengagmou
thgandganganus.
alkalinegventg-gANSWERgggAgdeep-
seaghydrothermalgventgthatgreleasesgwatergthatgisgwarmg(40-
90°C)grathergthanghotgandgthatghasgaghighgpHg(isgbasic).gThesegventsgconsistgofgtinyg
poresglinedgwithgirongandgothergcatalyticgmineralsgthatgsomegscientistsghypothesizeg
mightghavegbeengtheglocationgofgthegearliestgabioticgsynthesisgofgorganicgcompounds
.
