DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgIntroductiongtogPsychologicalgScienceg2ndgEdit
iongKrause
Chapterg02:gReadinggandgEvaluatinggScientificgResearchgCha
pterg02gChaptergQuizgQuestions
1. Scientistsgstudygag andgthenggeneralizegthegresultsgofgtheirginvestigationgtogag .
(A) sample;gpopulation
(B) population;g sample
(C) conveniencegsample;grandomgsample
(D) randomgsample;gconveniencegsample
QuestionID:g 02-1-01
Page-Reference:g 33
Objective:gModuleg2.1g Answ
er:g(A)gsample;gpopulation
2. Whichgofgthegfollowinggisgangexamplegofgdemandgcharacteristicsgaffectinggangexperiment?
(A) Angexperimentergdrawsgthegwronggconclusionsgfromgagstudygbecausegshegdidgnotgusegthegcorrectgstatisticalganalysis.
(B) Agparticipantgchangesghisgresponsegtogagquestiongbecausegheghasgthegfeelingghegknowsgwhatgthegexperime
ntergwants.
(C) Angexperimentergchangesghergbehaviourgbecausegshegcangpredictghowgthegparticipantgwillgrespond.
(D) Agparticipantgingagdouble-blindgexperimentgbelievesgshegisgingthegcontrolggroup.
QuestionID:g 02-1-02
Page-Reference:g 35
Objective:gModuleg2.1
Answer:g(B)gAgparticipantgchangesghisgresponsegtogagquestiongbecausegheghasgthegfeelingghegknowsgwhatgthegexperimente
rgwants.
3. Whygitgisgagbadgideagtogdrawgconclusionsgfromganecdotalgevidence?
(A) Suchgconclusionsgusuallyggogagainstgcommongsensegandgconclusionsgagainstgcommongsensegaregnotgusuallygvalid.
(B) Anecdotesgaregreliablegonlygifgtheygcomegfromgexperts,gwhichgtheygrarelygdo.
(C) Anecdotesgaregagsingle-blindgtechnique,gnotgagdouble-blindgmethod.
(D) Theregisgnogwaygtogknowgifgtheganecdotegisgtruegorgifgitgwillggeneralizegtogothergpeoplegandgsituations.
QuestionID:g 02-1-03
Page-Reference:g 39
Objective:gModuleg2.1
Answer:g(D)gTheregisgnogwaygtogknowgifgtheganecdotegisgtruegorgifgitgwillggeneralizegtogothergpeoplegandgsituations.
4. Whatgdoesgagcorrelationgcoefficientgofg–0.94gindicategaboutgthegrelationshipgbetweengtwogvariables?
(A) Thegvariablesgaregweaklygassociated,gwithgbothgincreasinggtogether.
(B) Thegvariablesgaregstronglygassociated,gwithgbothgincreasinggtogether.
(C) Thegvariablesgaregweaklygassociated,gwithgonegincreasinggasgthegothergdecreases.
(D) Thegvariablesgaregstronglygassociated,gwithgonegincreasinggasgthegothergdecreases.
QuestionID:g 02-1-04
Page-Reference:g 47
Objective:gModuleg2.2
Answer:g(D)gThegvariablesgaregstronglygassociated,gwithgonegincreasinggasgthegothergdecreases.
5. Mostgpeoplegwouldgagreegthatganxietygcangleadgtogsleepgloss.gHowever,gDr.gJenkinsgbelievesgthatgsleep
gdeprivationgcangalsogcausegincreasedganxiety.gWhichgresearchgmethodgwouldgallowghimgtogtestgagcause–
effect
1
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgIntroductiongtogPsychologicalgScienceg2ndgEdit
iongKrause
relationshipgbetweengthegtwo?
(A) naturalisticg observation
(B) experimental
(C) correlational
(D) survey
QuestionID:g 02-1-05
Page-Reference:g 49–50
Objective:gModuleg2.2gAns
wer:g(B)gexperimental
6. Whichgofgthegfollowinggstatementsgdescribesgthegamountgofgcognitivegandgemotionalgriskgtogparticip
antsgallowedgingpsychologicalgresearchgtoday?
(A) Anygamountgofgriskgisgacceptable.
(B) Nogamountgofgriskgisgacceptable.
(C) Lowglevelsgofgriskgaregalwaysgacceptable,gbutgmoregthangminimalgriskgisgnevergacceptable.
(D) Thegamountgofgacceptablegriskgdependsgingpartgongthegpossiblegbenefitsgfromgthegstudy.
QuestionID:g 02-1-06
Page-Reference:g 54–55
Objective:gModuleg2.3
Answer:g(D)gThegamountgofgacceptablegriskgdependsgingpartgongthegpossiblegbenefitsgfromgthegstudy.
7. Thegusegofgdeceptiongingpsychologicalgresearchgis
(A) consideredgnecessarygandgcompletelygacceptablegingallgresearch.
(B) notgconsideredgacceptable.
(C) generallygacceptablegwhengshowngtogbegabsolutelygnecessarygforgthegresearch.
(D) acceptablegonlygingnonhumangresearch.
QuestionID:g 02-1-07
Page-Reference:g 55
Objective:gModuleg2.3
Answer:g(C)ggenerallygacceptablegwhengshowngtogbegabsolutelygnecessarygforgthegresearch.
8. Undergwhichgofgthegfollowinggcircumstancesgwouldgthegmeangbegthegbestgmeasuregofgcentralgtendencygtoguse?
(A) Thegdataghavegagnormalgdistribution.
(B) Thegdatagaregpositivelygskewed.
(C) Thegdatagaregnegativelygskewed.
(D) Thegmeangisgrobustgandgalwaysgconsideredgthegbestgmeasuregofgcentralgtendency.
QuestionID:g 02-1-08
Page-Reference:g 63
Objective:gModuleg2.4
Answer:g(A)gThegdataghavegagnormalgdistribution.
9. Agteachergnoticesgthat,gongtheglastgsciencegtest,gsomegstudentsgdidgverygwellgwhilegothergstudentsgperfo
rmedgpoorlygorghadggradesgsomewheregingthegmiddle.gIfgshegwantedgtogmeasureghowg"spreadgout"gthegsc
oresgwere,gwhichgdescriptivegstatisticgcouldgsheguse?
(A) median
(B) mode
(C) standardgdeviation
(D) mean
2
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgIntroductiongtogPsychologicalgScienceg2ndgEdit
iongKrause
QuestionID:g 02-1-09
Page-Reference:g 65
Objective:gModuleg2.4gAnswe
r:g(C)gstandardgdeviation
10. Keishagperformsgangexperimentgwithgtwograndomlygassignedggroupsgofgschoolgchildren.gThegfirstggrou
pgisgallowedg15gminutesgofgrecessgplaygbeforegagmathgtest,gwhilegthegsecondggroupgwatchesgagvideogbefor
egthegtest.gWhengsheganalyzesgthegtestgscores,gshegfindsgthatgtheregisgagstatisticalgdifferencegbetweengtheg
groups,gwithgthegrecessggroupgscoringghigher,gongaverage,gongthegtest.gWhichgconclusiongcangbegdrawngf
romgthisgresult?
(A) Thegdifferencegbetweengthegscoresgforgthegtwoggroupsgisgnotglikelygduegtogtheirgdifferinggpre-
testgactivitiesgandgitgisgprobablygduegtograndomgchance.
(B) Thegdifferencegbetweengthegscoresgforgthegtwoggroupsgisglikelygduegtogtheirgdifferinggpre-
testgactivities,gandgdidgnotghappengbygchance.
(C) Studentsgwhogareggoodgatgmathgprefergrecessgtogwatchinggagvideo.
(D) Studentsgwhogareggoodgatgmathgprefergwatchinggagvideogtogrecess.
QuestionID:g 02-1-10
Page-Reference:g 67–68
Objective:gModuleg2.4
Answer:g(B)gThegdifferencegbetweengthegscoresgforgthegtwoggroupsgisglikelygduegtogtheirgdifferinggpre-
testgactivities,gandgdidgnotghappengbygchance.
Chapterg02gEssaygQuestions
1. Whatgaregthegfivegcharacteristicsgofggoodgresearchgdescribedgingthegtextbook?gBrieflygexplaingeachgone.
QuestionID:g 02-2-01
Page-Reference:g 31–38
Answer:gAggoodganswergwillgincludegthegfollowinggkeygpoints.
- Researchgshouldgbegbasedgongmeasurementsgthatgare
* objective:gconsistentgacrossginstrumentsgandgobservers
* valid:gactuallygmeasuregwhatgtheygclaimgtogmeasure
* reliable:gprovidegconsistentganswersgwhengre-measured
- Goodgresearchgcangbeggeneralizedgtogsituations,gindividuals,gandgeventsgbeyondgthegoriginalgstudy.
- Goodgresearchgshouldgusegtechniquesgtogreducegbiasgfromgbothgthegparticipantsgandgthegexperimenters.
- Researchgshouldgbegmadegpublic,gusuallygthroughgthegpeer-reviewgprocessgandgpublicationgingangacademicgjournal.
- Itgmustgbegpossiblegforgothergresearchersgtogreplicategthegresultsgofggoodgresearch.
2. Explaingwhyganecdotalgevidence,gappealsgtogauthority,gandgappealsgtogcommongsensegaregallgconsideredg
poorgformsgofgevidencegandgprovidegangexampleg(notgcoveredgingthegtextbook)gofgeach.
Difficulty:
QuestionID:g 02-2-02
Page-Reference:g 39–40
Skill:
Objective:
Answer:gAnswerg(examplesgwillgvary):
Anecdotalgevidencegisgthegexperiencegofgonegpersonggeneralizedgintogagtheory,gsuchgasgwhengagpersonglistensgtoghyp
nosisgCDsgandglosesg58gpoundsgingthreegmonths.gThisgisganecdotalgevidencegandgnotgrealgevidencegbecausegnoghypo
thesisgwasgtestedgingdevelopinggthegtheory.gThegweightglossgcouldghavegbeengcausedgbyganygnumbergofgthingsgotherg
thangthegCDs.
3
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgIntroductiongtogPsychologicalgScienceg2ndgEdit
iongKrause
Appealgtogauthoritygisgevidencegfromgang"expert"gthatgisgassumedgtogbegvalidgandgreliablegsimplygbecausegangexpertgs
aysgitgisgtrue.gAngexpertgmaygclaimgtoghavegfoundgaggreatgweight-
lossgprogramgbutgexpertsgcangbegwronggandgexpertsgcanghaveghiddengagendas.gItgisgimportantgtogseegwhatgthegexpert
gmayghavegtoggaingbygclaimingganguntestedgtheorygisgtrue.gAppealgtogcommongsensegisgevidencegthatgsoundsglikegitgm
ustgbegtruegbutghasn'tgnecessarilygbeengtested.gAggreatgexamplegisgthatgpeopleglonggthoughtgthatgthegearthgwasgstation
arygandgthegcentregofgtheguniversegbecausegthisgtheorygmadegsensegbasedgongtheirg(limited)gknowledgegofgthegcosmos
.gThegbestgtheorygisgalwaysgbasedgongthegresultsgofghypothesesgtestedgusinggthegscientificgmethod.
3. Describegandgcomparegcorrelationalgresearchgdesignsgandgexperimentalgresearchgdesigns.gGivegonegprog
andgonegcongforgeachgtypegofgdesign.
QuestionID:g 02-2-03
Page-Reference:g 47–51
Answer:gCorrelational
- Pro:gCorrelationalgresearchgallowsgyougtogdeterminegthegrelationshipgbetweengtwogvariablesgandginvestigateginfluenc
inggfactorsgthatgmaygnotgbegpossiblegtogcontrolgorgmanipulategingangexperimentalgdesigng(forgethicalgorgpracticalgreas
ons).gForgexample,gscientistsgcannotgassigngresearchgparticipantsgtogagsmokingggroupgwhengtheygaregteenagersgand
gforcegthemgtogsmokeguntilgtheygareginglategadulthoodgtogmeasuregthegeffectgofgsmokinggonghealth.
- Con:gCorrelationalgresearchgshowsgyougthatgagchangegingonegvariablegwillglikelygresultgingagchangeginganothergvariable
,gbutgthisgtypegofgresearchgdoesgnotgdeterminegwhygthatgchangegoccursg(i.e.,gcannotgdeterminegcausation).gAgthirdgvari
ablegcouldgcausegbothgvariablesgtogchange.
Experimental
- Pro:gExperimentalgresearchgisgdesignedgtogtestgaghypothesisgingtightlygcontrolledgconditionsgsogthatgagcause-and-
effectgrelationshipgcangbegestablished.
- Con:gAlthoughgexperimentalgresearchgdesignsgallowgforgstrictgcontrolgovergthegvariablesg(andgthus,gthegpossibilitygof
gdetermininggcausation),gthisgstructuregcangalsognegativelygimpactgtheggeneralizabilitygorgecologicalgvaliditygofgthegfind
ingsg(thisgtypegofgresearchgmaygalsognotgbegasgapplicablegtogreal-worldgscenarios).
Chapterg02gFill-in-the-blankgQuestions
1. Beforegbeginninggangexperiment,gresearchersguseg
togdefinegexactlyghowgvariablesglikeg"intelligence"gorg"happiness"gwillgbegmeasured.
QuestionID:g 02-3-01
Page-Reference:g 32
Skill:gConceptual
Objective:gKnowgthegkeygterminologygrelatedgtogthegprinciplesgofgscientificgresearch.
Answer:ga.goperationalgdefinitions
2. aregagmajorgproblemgingpsychologicalgresearch,gandgcangcausegparticipantsgtogchangegtheirgbehaviourgbase
dgonghowgtheygthinkgtheygaregsupposedgtogbehave.
QuestionID:g 02-3-02
Page-Reference:g 35–36
Skill:gConceptual
Objective:gUnderstandghowgbiasesgmightginfluencegthegoutcomegofgagstudy.
Answer:ga.gDemandgcharacteristics
3. Priorgtogpublicationgingscholarlygjournals,gpapersggogthroughgag
process,gingwhichgtheygaregreadgandgcritiquedgbygexpertsgingthegspecificgfieldgofgstudy.
QuestionID:g 02-3-03
Page-Reference:g 38
4
mynursytest.store
iongKrause
Chapterg02:gReadinggandgEvaluatinggScientificgResearchgCha
pterg02gChaptergQuizgQuestions
1. Scientistsgstudygag andgthenggeneralizegthegresultsgofgtheirginvestigationgtogag .
(A) sample;gpopulation
(B) population;g sample
(C) conveniencegsample;grandomgsample
(D) randomgsample;gconveniencegsample
QuestionID:g 02-1-01
Page-Reference:g 33
Objective:gModuleg2.1g Answ
er:g(A)gsample;gpopulation
2. Whichgofgthegfollowinggisgangexamplegofgdemandgcharacteristicsgaffectinggangexperiment?
(A) Angexperimentergdrawsgthegwronggconclusionsgfromgagstudygbecausegshegdidgnotgusegthegcorrectgstatisticalganalysis.
(B) Agparticipantgchangesghisgresponsegtogagquestiongbecausegheghasgthegfeelingghegknowsgwhatgthegexperime
ntergwants.
(C) Angexperimentergchangesghergbehaviourgbecausegshegcangpredictghowgthegparticipantgwillgrespond.
(D) Agparticipantgingagdouble-blindgexperimentgbelievesgshegisgingthegcontrolggroup.
QuestionID:g 02-1-02
Page-Reference:g 35
Objective:gModuleg2.1
Answer:g(B)gAgparticipantgchangesghisgresponsegtogagquestiongbecausegheghasgthegfeelingghegknowsgwhatgthegexperimente
rgwants.
3. Whygitgisgagbadgideagtogdrawgconclusionsgfromganecdotalgevidence?
(A) Suchgconclusionsgusuallyggogagainstgcommongsensegandgconclusionsgagainstgcommongsensegaregnotgusuallygvalid.
(B) Anecdotesgaregreliablegonlygifgtheygcomegfromgexperts,gwhichgtheygrarelygdo.
(C) Anecdotesgaregagsingle-blindgtechnique,gnotgagdouble-blindgmethod.
(D) Theregisgnogwaygtogknowgifgtheganecdotegisgtruegorgifgitgwillggeneralizegtogothergpeoplegandgsituations.
QuestionID:g 02-1-03
Page-Reference:g 39
Objective:gModuleg2.1
Answer:g(D)gTheregisgnogwaygtogknowgifgtheganecdotegisgtruegorgifgitgwillggeneralizegtogothergpeoplegandgsituations.
4. Whatgdoesgagcorrelationgcoefficientgofg–0.94gindicategaboutgthegrelationshipgbetweengtwogvariables?
(A) Thegvariablesgaregweaklygassociated,gwithgbothgincreasinggtogether.
(B) Thegvariablesgaregstronglygassociated,gwithgbothgincreasinggtogether.
(C) Thegvariablesgaregweaklygassociated,gwithgonegincreasinggasgthegothergdecreases.
(D) Thegvariablesgaregstronglygassociated,gwithgonegincreasinggasgthegothergdecreases.
QuestionID:g 02-1-04
Page-Reference:g 47
Objective:gModuleg2.2
Answer:g(D)gThegvariablesgaregstronglygassociated,gwithgonegincreasinggasgthegothergdecreases.
5. Mostgpeoplegwouldgagreegthatganxietygcangleadgtogsleepgloss.gHowever,gDr.gJenkinsgbelievesgthatgsleep
gdeprivationgcangalsogcausegincreasedganxiety.gWhichgresearchgmethodgwouldgallowghimgtogtestgagcause–
effect
1
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgIntroductiongtogPsychologicalgScienceg2ndgEdit
iongKrause
relationshipgbetweengthegtwo?
(A) naturalisticg observation
(B) experimental
(C) correlational
(D) survey
QuestionID:g 02-1-05
Page-Reference:g 49–50
Objective:gModuleg2.2gAns
wer:g(B)gexperimental
6. Whichgofgthegfollowinggstatementsgdescribesgthegamountgofgcognitivegandgemotionalgriskgtogparticip
antsgallowedgingpsychologicalgresearchgtoday?
(A) Anygamountgofgriskgisgacceptable.
(B) Nogamountgofgriskgisgacceptable.
(C) Lowglevelsgofgriskgaregalwaysgacceptable,gbutgmoregthangminimalgriskgisgnevergacceptable.
(D) Thegamountgofgacceptablegriskgdependsgingpartgongthegpossiblegbenefitsgfromgthegstudy.
QuestionID:g 02-1-06
Page-Reference:g 54–55
Objective:gModuleg2.3
Answer:g(D)gThegamountgofgacceptablegriskgdependsgingpartgongthegpossiblegbenefitsgfromgthegstudy.
7. Thegusegofgdeceptiongingpsychologicalgresearchgis
(A) consideredgnecessarygandgcompletelygacceptablegingallgresearch.
(B) notgconsideredgacceptable.
(C) generallygacceptablegwhengshowngtogbegabsolutelygnecessarygforgthegresearch.
(D) acceptablegonlygingnonhumangresearch.
QuestionID:g 02-1-07
Page-Reference:g 55
Objective:gModuleg2.3
Answer:g(C)ggenerallygacceptablegwhengshowngtogbegabsolutelygnecessarygforgthegresearch.
8. Undergwhichgofgthegfollowinggcircumstancesgwouldgthegmeangbegthegbestgmeasuregofgcentralgtendencygtoguse?
(A) Thegdataghavegagnormalgdistribution.
(B) Thegdatagaregpositivelygskewed.
(C) Thegdatagaregnegativelygskewed.
(D) Thegmeangisgrobustgandgalwaysgconsideredgthegbestgmeasuregofgcentralgtendency.
QuestionID:g 02-1-08
Page-Reference:g 63
Objective:gModuleg2.4
Answer:g(A)gThegdataghavegagnormalgdistribution.
9. Agteachergnoticesgthat,gongtheglastgsciencegtest,gsomegstudentsgdidgverygwellgwhilegothergstudentsgperfo
rmedgpoorlygorghadggradesgsomewheregingthegmiddle.gIfgshegwantedgtogmeasureghowg"spreadgout"gthegsc
oresgwere,gwhichgdescriptivegstatisticgcouldgsheguse?
(A) median
(B) mode
(C) standardgdeviation
(D) mean
2
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgIntroductiongtogPsychologicalgScienceg2ndgEdit
iongKrause
QuestionID:g 02-1-09
Page-Reference:g 65
Objective:gModuleg2.4gAnswe
r:g(C)gstandardgdeviation
10. Keishagperformsgangexperimentgwithgtwograndomlygassignedggroupsgofgschoolgchildren.gThegfirstggrou
pgisgallowedg15gminutesgofgrecessgplaygbeforegagmathgtest,gwhilegthegsecondggroupgwatchesgagvideogbefor
egthegtest.gWhengsheganalyzesgthegtestgscores,gshegfindsgthatgtheregisgagstatisticalgdifferencegbetweengtheg
groups,gwithgthegrecessggroupgscoringghigher,gongaverage,gongthegtest.gWhichgconclusiongcangbegdrawngf
romgthisgresult?
(A) Thegdifferencegbetweengthegscoresgforgthegtwoggroupsgisgnotglikelygduegtogtheirgdifferinggpre-
testgactivitiesgandgitgisgprobablygduegtograndomgchance.
(B) Thegdifferencegbetweengthegscoresgforgthegtwoggroupsgisglikelygduegtogtheirgdifferinggpre-
testgactivities,gandgdidgnotghappengbygchance.
(C) Studentsgwhogareggoodgatgmathgprefergrecessgtogwatchinggagvideo.
(D) Studentsgwhogareggoodgatgmathgprefergwatchinggagvideogtogrecess.
QuestionID:g 02-1-10
Page-Reference:g 67–68
Objective:gModuleg2.4
Answer:g(B)gThegdifferencegbetweengthegscoresgforgthegtwoggroupsgisglikelygduegtogtheirgdifferinggpre-
testgactivities,gandgdidgnotghappengbygchance.
Chapterg02gEssaygQuestions
1. Whatgaregthegfivegcharacteristicsgofggoodgresearchgdescribedgingthegtextbook?gBrieflygexplaingeachgone.
QuestionID:g 02-2-01
Page-Reference:g 31–38
Answer:gAggoodganswergwillgincludegthegfollowinggkeygpoints.
- Researchgshouldgbegbasedgongmeasurementsgthatgare
* objective:gconsistentgacrossginstrumentsgandgobservers
* valid:gactuallygmeasuregwhatgtheygclaimgtogmeasure
* reliable:gprovidegconsistentganswersgwhengre-measured
- Goodgresearchgcangbeggeneralizedgtogsituations,gindividuals,gandgeventsgbeyondgthegoriginalgstudy.
- Goodgresearchgshouldgusegtechniquesgtogreducegbiasgfromgbothgthegparticipantsgandgthegexperimenters.
- Researchgshouldgbegmadegpublic,gusuallygthroughgthegpeer-reviewgprocessgandgpublicationgingangacademicgjournal.
- Itgmustgbegpossiblegforgothergresearchersgtogreplicategthegresultsgofggoodgresearch.
2. Explaingwhyganecdotalgevidence,gappealsgtogauthority,gandgappealsgtogcommongsensegaregallgconsideredg
poorgformsgofgevidencegandgprovidegangexampleg(notgcoveredgingthegtextbook)gofgeach.
Difficulty:
QuestionID:g 02-2-02
Page-Reference:g 39–40
Skill:
Objective:
Answer:gAnswerg(examplesgwillgvary):
Anecdotalgevidencegisgthegexperiencegofgonegpersonggeneralizedgintogagtheory,gsuchgasgwhengagpersonglistensgtoghyp
nosisgCDsgandglosesg58gpoundsgingthreegmonths.gThisgisganecdotalgevidencegandgnotgrealgevidencegbecausegnoghypo
thesisgwasgtestedgingdevelopinggthegtheory.gThegweightglossgcouldghavegbeengcausedgbyganygnumbergofgthingsgotherg
thangthegCDs.
3
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgIntroductiongtogPsychologicalgScienceg2ndgEdit
iongKrause
Appealgtogauthoritygisgevidencegfromgang"expert"gthatgisgassumedgtogbegvalidgandgreliablegsimplygbecausegangexpertgs
aysgitgisgtrue.gAngexpertgmaygclaimgtoghavegfoundgaggreatgweight-
lossgprogramgbutgexpertsgcangbegwronggandgexpertsgcanghaveghiddengagendas.gItgisgimportantgtogseegwhatgthegexpert
gmayghavegtoggaingbygclaimingganguntestedgtheorygisgtrue.gAppealgtogcommongsensegisgevidencegthatgsoundsglikegitgm
ustgbegtruegbutghasn'tgnecessarilygbeengtested.gAggreatgexamplegisgthatgpeopleglonggthoughtgthatgthegearthgwasgstation
arygandgthegcentregofgtheguniversegbecausegthisgtheorygmadegsensegbasedgongtheirg(limited)gknowledgegofgthegcosmos
.gThegbestgtheorygisgalwaysgbasedgongthegresultsgofghypothesesgtestedgusinggthegscientificgmethod.
3. Describegandgcomparegcorrelationalgresearchgdesignsgandgexperimentalgresearchgdesigns.gGivegonegprog
andgonegcongforgeachgtypegofgdesign.
QuestionID:g 02-2-03
Page-Reference:g 47–51
Answer:gCorrelational
- Pro:gCorrelationalgresearchgallowsgyougtogdeterminegthegrelationshipgbetweengtwogvariablesgandginvestigateginfluenc
inggfactorsgthatgmaygnotgbegpossiblegtogcontrolgorgmanipulategingangexperimentalgdesigng(forgethicalgorgpracticalgreas
ons).gForgexample,gscientistsgcannotgassigngresearchgparticipantsgtogagsmokingggroupgwhengtheygaregteenagersgand
gforcegthemgtogsmokeguntilgtheygareginglategadulthoodgtogmeasuregthegeffectgofgsmokinggonghealth.
- Con:gCorrelationalgresearchgshowsgyougthatgagchangegingonegvariablegwillglikelygresultgingagchangeginganothergvariable
,gbutgthisgtypegofgresearchgdoesgnotgdeterminegwhygthatgchangegoccursg(i.e.,gcannotgdeterminegcausation).gAgthirdgvari
ablegcouldgcausegbothgvariablesgtogchange.
Experimental
- Pro:gExperimentalgresearchgisgdesignedgtogtestgaghypothesisgingtightlygcontrolledgconditionsgsogthatgagcause-and-
effectgrelationshipgcangbegestablished.
- Con:gAlthoughgexperimentalgresearchgdesignsgallowgforgstrictgcontrolgovergthegvariablesg(andgthus,gthegpossibilitygof
gdetermininggcausation),gthisgstructuregcangalsognegativelygimpactgtheggeneralizabilitygorgecologicalgvaliditygofgthegfind
ingsg(thisgtypegofgresearchgmaygalsognotgbegasgapplicablegtogreal-worldgscenarios).
Chapterg02gFill-in-the-blankgQuestions
1. Beforegbeginninggangexperiment,gresearchersguseg
togdefinegexactlyghowgvariablesglikeg"intelligence"gorg"happiness"gwillgbegmeasured.
QuestionID:g 02-3-01
Page-Reference:g 32
Skill:gConceptual
Objective:gKnowgthegkeygterminologygrelatedgtogthegprinciplesgofgscientificgresearch.
Answer:ga.goperationalgdefinitions
2. aregagmajorgproblemgingpsychologicalgresearch,gandgcangcausegparticipantsgtogchangegtheirgbehaviourgbase
dgonghowgtheygthinkgtheygaregsupposedgtogbehave.
QuestionID:g 02-3-02
Page-Reference:g 35–36
Skill:gConceptual
Objective:gUnderstandghowgbiasesgmightginfluencegthegoutcomegofgagstudy.
Answer:ga.gDemandgcharacteristics
3. Priorgtogpublicationgingscholarlygjournals,gpapersggogthroughgag
process,gingwhichgtheygaregreadgandgcritiquedgbygexpertsgingthegspecificgfieldgofgstudy.
QuestionID:g 02-3-03
Page-Reference:g 38
4
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