NSG500 / NSG 500 EXAM 1 |
ADVANCED HEALTH ASSESSMENT
EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
RATED A+ | 2025/2026 GUIDE
What is non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - it is dot haemorrhages or microaneurysms and the
presence of hard and soft exudates
Subjective data of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - the initial stages patients are asymptomatic. Later
stages the patient reports blurred vision, distortion, or visual acuity loss
in more advanced stages
Objective data of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - On an ophthalmoscopic exam, blood vessels with
balloon-like sacs (microaneurysms), blots of haemorrhages on the
retina, and tiny yellow patches of hard exudates
What is proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - it is the development of new vessels as a result of
anoxic stimulation
,Pathophysiology for proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous
humor. It may occur in peripheral retina or on optic nerve. The new
vessels lack supporting structure so they may haemorrhage. The
bleeding caused by this is a major cause of blindness in diabetics. Laser
therapy can often control it to prevent blindness.
Subjective data of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - the patient reports seeing floaters, blurred vision, or
progressive visual acuity loss in advanced stages. Early stages are
asymptomatic.
Objective data of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - during ophthalmoscope exam, the settings for the
lens may be necessary in order to visualize the vessels. Vitreous
haemorrhage may also be seen which can obstruct the view of the retina
What is lipemia retinalis?
- Correct Answer - it is a creamy white appearance of the retinal vessels
that occurs with excessively high serum triglyceride levels
Pathophysiology of lipemia retinalis?
,- Correct Answer - it occurs when the serum triglyceride level exceeds
2000 mg/dl and seen in most hyperlipidemic states
Subjective data of lipemia retinalis?
- Correct Answer - reports of elevated serum triglycerides and no vision
symptoms
Objective data of lipemia retinalis?
- Correct Answer - during the early stages the peripheral fundus is
salmon pink in color but as the triglyceride levels rise they turn white
colored.
What is retinitis pigmentosa?
- Correct Answer - it is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the
genetic defects cause cell death in the rod photoreceptors
Pathophysiology of retinitis pigmentosa?
- Correct Answer - it is caused by a genetic defect that causes apoptosis
of the photoreceptors. Associated conditions include deafness, paralysis
of one or more of the extraocular muscles, dysphagia, ataxia, intellectual
delay, peripheral neuropathy, acanthotic (spiked) RBC's, absence of
VLDL
Subjective data of retinitis pigmentosa?
, - Correct Answer - reports of night blindness as the earliest symptom,
tunnel vision, bumping into furniture, loss of vision is painless and
progressive over years to decades
Objective data of retinitis pigmentosa?
- Correct Answer - the exam is normal in the early stages. In later
stages waxy pallor, narrowing of the arterioles, and peripheral bone
spicule pigmentation are seen in the mid periphery with retinal atrophy
What is glaucoma?
- Correct Answer - it is a disease of the optic nerve where the nerve
cells die, usually due to excessively high intraocular pressure
Pathophysiology of glaucoma?
- Correct Answer - acute angle may occur acutely with dramatically
elevated intraocular pressure if the iris blocks the exit of aqueous humor
from the anterior chamber. Open angle is caused by decreasing
aqueous humor absorption that leads to increased resistance and
painless build up of pressure in the eye. This may also be congenital as
a result of improper development of the eye's aqueous outflow system.
Subjective data of glaucoma?
- Correct Answer - with chronic disease the symptoms may be
asymptomatic with the exception of a gradual loss of peripheral vision
over a period of years. an acute onset is accompanied by intense ocular
ADVANCED HEALTH ASSESSMENT
EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
RATED A+ | 2025/2026 GUIDE
What is non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - it is dot haemorrhages or microaneurysms and the
presence of hard and soft exudates
Subjective data of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - the initial stages patients are asymptomatic. Later
stages the patient reports blurred vision, distortion, or visual acuity loss
in more advanced stages
Objective data of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - On an ophthalmoscopic exam, blood vessels with
balloon-like sacs (microaneurysms), blots of haemorrhages on the
retina, and tiny yellow patches of hard exudates
What is proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - it is the development of new vessels as a result of
anoxic stimulation
,Pathophysiology for proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous
humor. It may occur in peripheral retina or on optic nerve. The new
vessels lack supporting structure so they may haemorrhage. The
bleeding caused by this is a major cause of blindness in diabetics. Laser
therapy can often control it to prevent blindness.
Subjective data of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - the patient reports seeing floaters, blurred vision, or
progressive visual acuity loss in advanced stages. Early stages are
asymptomatic.
Objective data of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
- Correct Answer - during ophthalmoscope exam, the settings for the
lens may be necessary in order to visualize the vessels. Vitreous
haemorrhage may also be seen which can obstruct the view of the retina
What is lipemia retinalis?
- Correct Answer - it is a creamy white appearance of the retinal vessels
that occurs with excessively high serum triglyceride levels
Pathophysiology of lipemia retinalis?
,- Correct Answer - it occurs when the serum triglyceride level exceeds
2000 mg/dl and seen in most hyperlipidemic states
Subjective data of lipemia retinalis?
- Correct Answer - reports of elevated serum triglycerides and no vision
symptoms
Objective data of lipemia retinalis?
- Correct Answer - during the early stages the peripheral fundus is
salmon pink in color but as the triglyceride levels rise they turn white
colored.
What is retinitis pigmentosa?
- Correct Answer - it is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the
genetic defects cause cell death in the rod photoreceptors
Pathophysiology of retinitis pigmentosa?
- Correct Answer - it is caused by a genetic defect that causes apoptosis
of the photoreceptors. Associated conditions include deafness, paralysis
of one or more of the extraocular muscles, dysphagia, ataxia, intellectual
delay, peripheral neuropathy, acanthotic (spiked) RBC's, absence of
VLDL
Subjective data of retinitis pigmentosa?
, - Correct Answer - reports of night blindness as the earliest symptom,
tunnel vision, bumping into furniture, loss of vision is painless and
progressive over years to decades
Objective data of retinitis pigmentosa?
- Correct Answer - the exam is normal in the early stages. In later
stages waxy pallor, narrowing of the arterioles, and peripheral bone
spicule pigmentation are seen in the mid periphery with retinal atrophy
What is glaucoma?
- Correct Answer - it is a disease of the optic nerve where the nerve
cells die, usually due to excessively high intraocular pressure
Pathophysiology of glaucoma?
- Correct Answer - acute angle may occur acutely with dramatically
elevated intraocular pressure if the iris blocks the exit of aqueous humor
from the anterior chamber. Open angle is caused by decreasing
aqueous humor absorption that leads to increased resistance and
painless build up of pressure in the eye. This may also be congenital as
a result of improper development of the eye's aqueous outflow system.
Subjective data of glaucoma?
- Correct Answer - with chronic disease the symptoms may be
asymptomatic with the exception of a gradual loss of peripheral vision
over a period of years. an acute onset is accompanied by intense ocular
