AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY: APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED

AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY: APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED Practice questions for this set Terms in this set (97) Standardised instructions The instructions given to each participant are kept identical - to help prevent experimenter bias. When was Wundt's lab established? 1879 Genotype An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. The set of observable characteristics of an individual Phenotype resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Concordance rates - MZ 100% Concordance rates - DZ 50% reveals an individuals genotype, but will only show Genetic Tests whether a person has predispositions to developing a specific conditions Evolution Genes have adapted to become useful to our survival and are passed onto offspring Nervous System System of nerves which allows you to register touch, move, breathe, feel and think. Made up of neurons Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord Neurochemistry Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning Nuerotransmitters Chemical messengers, across the synapse, bind with receptors Lots of supporting evidence; supports the assumption BA: Supporting Evidence (Strength) BA: Practical Applications (Strength) that genetics are involved in causes of behaviour because when there is a higher proportion of genes shared, the disorder is MORE likely Real-life applications to support the approach. This means that there is evidence for the biological basis of some disorders. BA: Correlational Data (Weakness) BA: Contradictory Evidence (Weakness) BA: Deterministic View (Weakness) Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Operant Conditioning (Skinner) 3 Consequences (OC) variable-ratio schedule BEA: Scientific Methods (Strength) BEA: Real-life Applications (Strength) Correlation between neurotransmitter levels and mental disorders. This means it is only a relationship. Cannot be concluded that neurotransmitter levels cause the behaviour. Concordance rates in twin studies are never 100%. This suggests that behaviour is not purely genetic. Approach fails to recognise the role of the environment on behaviour. Suggests no conscious control over human behaviour. This means that individuals do not have free will over their behaviour. learning occurs through the pairing of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response that produces an automatic response. assumes that behaviour is based on learning through consequence. 1) Positive Reinforcement - behaviour is MORE LIKELY to occur due to positive consequences 2) Negative Reinforcement - behaviour is MORE LIKELY to occur due to negative consequences 3) Punishment - behaviour is LESS LIKELY to occur because of the negative consequences In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Focuses on observable behaviour within controlled settings. This means it was an influential approach in the development of psychology as a science. Principles of conditioning have been applied to real- world behaviours. This means the approach has led to therapies to treat disorders.