AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – GENDER EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE

AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – GENDER EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE Practice questions for this set Terms in this set (62) Sex Whether an individual is biologically male or female Gender The social and psychological characteristics of males and females Sex-role stereotypes Types of qualities and characteristics seen as appropriate for each sex Female sex-role stereotypes Nurturing, co-operative, domestic, emotional, passive Male sex-role stereotypes Strong, independent, physical, aggressive, unemotional Sources of sex-role stereotypes Primary socialisation, school, careers, media, culture, Seavey (1975) Males and females react differently to a baby according to its perceived gender. Gender is guessed according to perceived strength Urberg (1982) Told 3-7y.o. children stories. Children learn sex-role stereotypes early on, but they change with age. Children attribute positive characteristics to their own gender Sood (2014) (UK) 12% primary school teachers are male; 3% nursery teachers are male Androgyny Co-existence of male and female characteristics within the same individual Bem (1975) Androgynous hypothesis - androgyny is a positive and desirable condition Olds (1981) Androgyny is a higher developmental stage Bem Sex Role Inventory Self-report to measure androgyny. Categorises individuals into; masculine, feminine, androgynous, undifferentiated Burchardt & Serbin Androgyny is positively correlated with good mental health Taylor & Hall Masculinity is a better predictor of psychological well-being than androgyny Chromosomes 23 pairs in humans. Carry genetic information. Biological sex is determined by the X and Y chromosomes. Hormones Chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream from the glands Testosterone A steroid hormone that stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Produced by male and females. Masculinisation of the brain and male-type behaviours Young (1966) Injected rats with opposite-sex hormones. Caused irreversible changes in gender- related behaviours. Testosterone applications Given to men with erectile dysfunction. Given to men and women with low libido Oestrogen A group of steroid hormones which promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics in the body. Produced by females and males. Feminisation of the brain and female-type behaviours Albrecht & Pepe (1997) Oestrogen plays a key role in maintaining and promoting pregnancy (baboons) Oestrogen applications Offers protection to those at risk of stroke or Alzheimer's. Prevents osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Oxytocin A polypeptide hormone which also acts as a neurotransmitter to control key aspects of the reproductive system (childbirth, breastfeeding, sex). Involved in mate selection, nesting, monogamy, pair-bonding, nurturing Insel (2001) Oxytocin promotes pair bonding in monogamous species Oxytocin applications Administered during childbirth to reduce the risk of haemorrhaging. Helps to start and maintain labours. Assists with the secretion of milk