3/24/25, 5:57 NR507 Flashcards | Quizlet
PM
NR507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED GRADED A++
Terms in this set (106)
A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs at any age that most often in
pityriasis rosea
ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused by a virus
The rash often begins with a single, round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a
raised border (herald patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm
(3.9 in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later, salmon-colored,
1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches on the abdomen, chest,
pityriasis rosea observation back, arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread to the neck but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas tree" or "fir
tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis rosea by looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be
hard when only the herald patch is visible, because the condition is often mistaken
for ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is generally
clear.
pityriasis rosea diagnosis
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to
make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A skin sample may be
taken
from the infected area and examined under the microscope (biopsy). If the
diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active person, a test for syphilis is often done.
There is no treatment necessary. It will last for several weeks. The patient may use
pityriasis rosea treatment
lotions. A corticosteroid may be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
The natural epithelial barrier that offers resistance. In outer layer specialized
epithelium, including the skin and mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most
environmental hazards and resistant infection with disease causing microorganisms.
Innate immunity
If the barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect against
infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an adaptive process that
results in a long-term and very effective immunity to the infecting microorganism,
Adaptive immunity Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly
targets and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing
microorganism. The information presented in this chapter introduces
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation
(Table 7-1). Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the
body's surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the
environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the surface
Inflammatory response barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the inflammatory response, is
activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of the injured
tissue, and promote healing. The inflammatory response is a rapid activation of
biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific, with similar
responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
aleolar ventilation perfusion The volume of gas expired from alveoli to the outside of the body permanent
,3/24/25, 5:57 NR507 Flashcards | Quizlet
PM
CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE
(ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of
adaptive immunity Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response; immediate
against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells,
Overview of human defenses granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natural
killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
macrophages, dendritic cells Memory No memory involved No memory involved
Specific immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement, clotting factors,
kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers (i.e.,
skin and mucous membranes), cells and secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g.,
lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and ciliary activity Protection includes
vascular responses, cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages),
secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein systems
Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines, and antibodies
Is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of the
injured tissue, and promote healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation
Inflammatory response upon injury
of
biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with similar
responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
Normochromic, normocytic anemia
Types of anemia hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
Anemias of chronic disease
hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of RBCs)
Normochromic, normocytic anemia
anemia of acute hemorrhage
(normal MCHC, normal MCV)
aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of RBC precursors from the
marrow)
Iron deficiency anemia
Hypo chromic, microcytic anemia (low
thalassemias
MCHC, below MCV)
anemia of chronic diseases
Normochromic, macrocytic anemia (normal Vitamin B12
MCHC, high MCV) deficiency folate
deficiency
. Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning pain or discomfort that can
Heartburn move up from your stomach to the middle of your abdomen and chest. The pain can
also move into your throat. Despite its name, heartburn doesn't affect your heart.
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing
Discomfort in breathing while lying down flat; common in people with many types of
Orthopnea heart or lung conditions such as heart failure, pulmonary edema, sleep apnea,
COPD, and heart valve disease
Nausea and vomiting (usually gets better over time)
internal bleeding (which can lead to blood clots forming)
Complications of gastric resection surgery
leaking from where the stomach has been closed
acid reflex (or stomach acid blinks back up into the esophagus)
, 3/24/25, 5:57 NR507 Flashcards | Quizlet
PM
Flat, distinct, discolored area of scan less than 1 cm wide. It doesn't involve any
change in the thickness or texture of the skin. Areas of discoloration that are larger
macule than 1 cm are referred to as patches. Commonly appear ontheback,chest,arms or
face. A birthmark may be considered immaculate that small. May be caused by
vitiligo or ultraviolet light exposure. Often called age spots
nevi A common pigmented skin lesion, usually developing during adulthood
An infections disease causing a mild fever and a
rash of itchy, inflamed blisters. It is caused by the
Chickenpox
herpes zoster virus and mainly affects children,
who are afterward usually immune
The pregnant female is exposed to a variety of potentially immunogenic foreign
antigens on her allergenic intrauterine concept us. The extent to which maternal
antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses to these antigens are relevant to
the paradoxical survival of the fetal polygraph is not clearly established. The
Maternal immune system immune system
trophoblast prevent significant entry of maternal lymphocytes to the fetus and is
most likely to protect it from maternal immune rejection by features of its cell
surface molecular structure and or its synthesis of factors that render it and
susceptible to antibody - or cell-mediated immune lysis in vivo.
Exacerbation of invasive candida albicans infection by commensal bacteria or a
candidiasis exacerbation glycolipid through IFN -y produced in part by I NK T cells. A major cause of invasive
fungal infections.
Carbuncles Group of pus filled bumps forming a connected area of infection under the skin
generic term for any type of anemia where the red blood cells or erythrocytes are
hypochromic
paler than normal. Hypo means less and chromic means color
The macrocytic is from the Greek words meaning large cell. A macrocytic class of
Macrocytic
anemia is in anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than their normal volume
Kind as the presence of small, and often hypochromic the red blood cells in
Microcytic the blood smear and is usually characterized by low MCV. Iron deficiency is the
most common cause of microcytic anemia
Immunoglobulin a is an antibody the plays a crucial role in the immune function of
iGGA antibodies mucous membranes. The amount of IGA produced in association with mucosal
membranes is greater than all other types of antibodies combined
Immunoglobulin G is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of
serum antibodies in the human IgG is the most common type of antibody
IgG found in
circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. IgG is the first
antibody to be made by the body to fight and new infection. It is found mainly in the
blood and lymph fluid.
skin cancer Abnormal growth of skin cells
And cancer that begins in the basal cells. Typically appears as a white waxy white or
Basal cell cancer brown scaly patch on some exposed areas such as the face and neck . Treatment
may be creams or surgery
Also known as malignant melanoma. Occurs when the pigment producing cells that
give color to the skin become cancerous. Symptoms may be a new, unusual
Melanoma growth or a change in an existing mall. Melanomas can occur anywhere on the
body.
Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, medications, or in some
cases chemotherapy.
PM
NR507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED GRADED A++
Terms in this set (106)
A common skin problem that causes a rash. Occurs at any age that most often in
pityriasis rosea
ages of 10 and 35. It may be caused by a virus
The rash often begins with a single, round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a
raised border (herald patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2 cm (0.8 in.) to 10 cm
(3.9 in.). The larger patches are more common. Days to weeks later, salmon-colored,
1 cm (0.4 in.) to 2 cm (0.8 in.) oval patches appear in batches on the abdomen, chest,
pityriasis rosea observation back, arms, and legs. Patches sometimes spread to the neck but rarely to the face.
Patches on the back are often vertical and angled to form a "Christmas tree" or "fir
tree" appearance.
Mild itching is a problem for about half of the people who get the rash.
The rash usually lasts 6 to 8 weeks, but it can last up to several months.
Your doctor will diagnose pityriasis rosea by looking at the rash. Diagnosis can be
hard when only the herald patch is visible, because the condition is often mistaken
for ringworm or eczema at this time. After the rash appears, diagnosis is generally
clear.
pityriasis rosea diagnosis
If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to
make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. A skin sample may be
taken
from the infected area and examined under the microscope (biopsy). If the
diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active person, a test for syphilis is often done.
There is no treatment necessary. It will last for several weeks. The patient may use
pityriasis rosea treatment
lotions. A corticosteroid may be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash
The natural epithelial barrier that offers resistance. In outer layer specialized
epithelium, including the skin and mucosal services, is relatively resistant to most
environmental hazards and resistant infection with disease causing microorganisms.
Innate immunity
If the barrier is damaged a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of the damage, protect against
infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue
Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an adaptive process that
results in a long-term and very effective immunity to the infecting microorganism,
Adaptive immunity Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly
targets and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing
microorganism. The information presented in this chapter introduces
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation
(Table 7-1). Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the
body's surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the
environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms. If the surface
Inflammatory response barriers are breached, the second line of defense, the inflammatory response, is
activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of the injured
tissue, and promote healing. The inflammatory response is a rapid activation of
biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific, with similar
responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
aleolar ventilation perfusion The volume of gas expired from alveoli to the outside of the body permanent
,3/24/25, 5:57 NR507 Flashcards | Quizlet
PM
CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE
(ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level of defense
First line of defense against infection and tissue injury
Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection
Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of
adaptive immunity Timing of defense
Constant Immediate response
Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response; immediate
against secondary exposure to antigen Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific
Response is very specific toward "antigen" Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells,
Overview of human defenses granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natural
killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial cells T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
macrophages, dendritic cells Memory No memory involved No memory involved
Specific immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes Peptides Defensins,
cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins Complement, clotting factors,
kinins Antibodies, complement Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers (i.e.,
skin and mucous membranes), cells and secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g.,
lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and ciliary activity Protection includes
vascular responses, cellular components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages),
secretory molecules or cytokines, and activation of plasma protein systems
Protection includes activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines, and antibodies
Is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of the
injured tissue, and promote healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation
Inflammatory response upon injury
of
biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with similar
responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage.
Normochromic, normocytic anemia
Types of anemia hypo chromic, microcytic
normocytic, macrocytic anemia
Anemias of chronic disease
hemolytic anemias (those characterized by accelerated destruction of RBCs)
Normochromic, normocytic anemia
anemia of acute hemorrhage
(normal MCHC, normal MCV)
aplastic anemias (those characterized by disappearance of RBC precursors from the
marrow)
Iron deficiency anemia
Hypo chromic, microcytic anemia (low
thalassemias
MCHC, below MCV)
anemia of chronic diseases
Normochromic, macrocytic anemia (normal Vitamin B12
MCHC, high MCV) deficiency folate
deficiency
. Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning pain or discomfort that can
Heartburn move up from your stomach to the middle of your abdomen and chest. The pain can
also move into your throat. Despite its name, heartburn doesn't affect your heart.
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing
Discomfort in breathing while lying down flat; common in people with many types of
Orthopnea heart or lung conditions such as heart failure, pulmonary edema, sleep apnea,
COPD, and heart valve disease
Nausea and vomiting (usually gets better over time)
internal bleeding (which can lead to blood clots forming)
Complications of gastric resection surgery
leaking from where the stomach has been closed
acid reflex (or stomach acid blinks back up into the esophagus)
, 3/24/25, 5:57 NR507 Flashcards | Quizlet
PM
Flat, distinct, discolored area of scan less than 1 cm wide. It doesn't involve any
change in the thickness or texture of the skin. Areas of discoloration that are larger
macule than 1 cm are referred to as patches. Commonly appear ontheback,chest,arms or
face. A birthmark may be considered immaculate that small. May be caused by
vitiligo or ultraviolet light exposure. Often called age spots
nevi A common pigmented skin lesion, usually developing during adulthood
An infections disease causing a mild fever and a
rash of itchy, inflamed blisters. It is caused by the
Chickenpox
herpes zoster virus and mainly affects children,
who are afterward usually immune
The pregnant female is exposed to a variety of potentially immunogenic foreign
antigens on her allergenic intrauterine concept us. The extent to which maternal
antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses to these antigens are relevant to
the paradoxical survival of the fetal polygraph is not clearly established. The
Maternal immune system immune system
trophoblast prevent significant entry of maternal lymphocytes to the fetus and is
most likely to protect it from maternal immune rejection by features of its cell
surface molecular structure and or its synthesis of factors that render it and
susceptible to antibody - or cell-mediated immune lysis in vivo.
Exacerbation of invasive candida albicans infection by commensal bacteria or a
candidiasis exacerbation glycolipid through IFN -y produced in part by I NK T cells. A major cause of invasive
fungal infections.
Carbuncles Group of pus filled bumps forming a connected area of infection under the skin
generic term for any type of anemia where the red blood cells or erythrocytes are
hypochromic
paler than normal. Hypo means less and chromic means color
The macrocytic is from the Greek words meaning large cell. A macrocytic class of
Macrocytic
anemia is in anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than their normal volume
Kind as the presence of small, and often hypochromic the red blood cells in
Microcytic the blood smear and is usually characterized by low MCV. Iron deficiency is the
most common cause of microcytic anemia
Immunoglobulin a is an antibody the plays a crucial role in the immune function of
iGGA antibodies mucous membranes. The amount of IGA produced in association with mucosal
membranes is greater than all other types of antibodies combined
Immunoglobulin G is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of
serum antibodies in the human IgG is the most common type of antibody
IgG found in
circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. IgG is the first
antibody to be made by the body to fight and new infection. It is found mainly in the
blood and lymph fluid.
skin cancer Abnormal growth of skin cells
And cancer that begins in the basal cells. Typically appears as a white waxy white or
Basal cell cancer brown scaly patch on some exposed areas such as the face and neck . Treatment
may be creams or surgery
Also known as malignant melanoma. Occurs when the pigment producing cells that
give color to the skin become cancerous. Symptoms may be a new, unusual
Melanoma growth or a change in an existing mall. Melanomas can occur anywhere on the
body.
Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, medications, or in some
cases chemotherapy.
