3/24/25, 5:59 NR507 Midterm Flashcards |
PM Quizlet
NR507 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Terms in this set (85)
The study of heritable changes in gene expression or phenotype casued by
What is epigenetics?
mechanisms other than changes in DNA sequences.
The attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base is followed by a guanine
base...causes a gene to become transcriptionally inactive or silent.
DNA methylation Epigenetic processes play a major role in cancer initiation, progression, and
treatment. Evidence: 20% of people with no inherited form of renal cell carcinoma
(RCC) did not have a mutation but rather genes were silenced by epigenetic
hypermethylation.
Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in
Histone modification
packaging DNA
RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences that can regulate gene expression
Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs or miRs)
networks.
Deletion of 4 million base pairs of the long arm of chromosome 15; paternally
Prader-Willi Syndrome inherited. Features: short statue, hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity, mild to
moderate mental retardation, and hypogonadism. 1 in 15,000 live births.
Deletion of 4 million base pairs of the long arm of chromosome 15, maternally
Angelman Syndrome inheritedn. Features: severe mental retardation, seizures, and an ataxic gate. Q1 in
15,000 live births.
Major cause of one form of colon cancer (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
[HNPCC] or Lynch syndrome) when the methylation of the promoter region of
MLH1 & Colon Cancer the gene occurs. The protein product of this gene repairs damage to DNA. When
this gene becomes inactive, damaged DNA accumulates, eventually resulting in
colon
tumors.
Inflammatory and immune response may create a local environment in which cells
can develop into a malignant phenotype and may even benefit progression and
spread of malignancies. Chronic inflammation has been recognized for close to 150
years as being an important factor, even predisposing us to the development of
cancer. Some organs are more susceptible to cancer than others: GI tract,
prostate, thyroid gland, pancreas, urinary bladder, pleura, and skin.
Both cancer and inflammation elicit inflammatory cells including neutrophils,
lymphocytes, and macrophages to migrate to the site of injury and release
Inflammation & Cancer
cytokines and growth factors that stimulate local cell proliferation and new
blood vessel
growth to promote wound healing by tissue remodeling. Chronic inflammation
means continued proliferation of the previous inflammatory response.
Successful tumors appear capable of manipulating cells of the inflammatory and
immune response towards the phenotypes associated with wound healing and
tissue regeneration, which is a process that includes induction of cellular
proliferation, neovascularization, and local immune suppression. These activities
benefit cancer
progression, as well as increase resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Promote mutations and block the cellular response to DNA damage
1/
9
, 3/24/25, 5:59 NR507 Midterm Flashcards |
PM Quizlet
Generates prostaglandins during acute inflammation. Associated with colon and
COX-2 some other cancers. Long-term high-dose use of NSAIDSs than inhibit COX-2 can
reduce the risk of colon cancer by as much as 20%.
Chronic infection with H. Pylori is an important cause of peptic ulcer disease and is
strongly associated with gastric carcinoma, a leading cause of cancer deaths
H. pylori & Gastric Cancer worldwide. Other cancers include gastric adenocarcinoma, and MALT lymphomas.
H. pylori can also directly and indirectly produce genetic and epigenetic changes in
infected stomachs. Mutations in p53 and methylation of specific genes.
Preventing epigenetic factors can theoretically prevent cancer. The the interface
Epigenetics & Cancer of environment and genetics is chronic inflammation. Inflammation has been linked
with increased DNA methylation, an epigenetic alteration.
An acquired congenital hemolytic anemia, an alloimmune disorder in which
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible, causing the mother's
immune system to produce antibodies against fetal erythrocytes.
(sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from
Alloimmunity
members of the same species
Most common blood disorder in infancy and childhood, especially between 6
Iron Deficiency Anemia months to 2 years. Not related to gender or race, but socioeconomic factors are
important because they affect nutrition
2/
9
PM Quizlet
NR507 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Terms in this set (85)
The study of heritable changes in gene expression or phenotype casued by
What is epigenetics?
mechanisms other than changes in DNA sequences.
The attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base is followed by a guanine
base...causes a gene to become transcriptionally inactive or silent.
DNA methylation Epigenetic processes play a major role in cancer initiation, progression, and
treatment. Evidence: 20% of people with no inherited form of renal cell carcinoma
(RCC) did not have a mutation but rather genes were silenced by epigenetic
hypermethylation.
Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in
Histone modification
packaging DNA
RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences that can regulate gene expression
Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs or miRs)
networks.
Deletion of 4 million base pairs of the long arm of chromosome 15; paternally
Prader-Willi Syndrome inherited. Features: short statue, hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity, mild to
moderate mental retardation, and hypogonadism. 1 in 15,000 live births.
Deletion of 4 million base pairs of the long arm of chromosome 15, maternally
Angelman Syndrome inheritedn. Features: severe mental retardation, seizures, and an ataxic gate. Q1 in
15,000 live births.
Major cause of one form of colon cancer (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
[HNPCC] or Lynch syndrome) when the methylation of the promoter region of
MLH1 & Colon Cancer the gene occurs. The protein product of this gene repairs damage to DNA. When
this gene becomes inactive, damaged DNA accumulates, eventually resulting in
colon
tumors.
Inflammatory and immune response may create a local environment in which cells
can develop into a malignant phenotype and may even benefit progression and
spread of malignancies. Chronic inflammation has been recognized for close to 150
years as being an important factor, even predisposing us to the development of
cancer. Some organs are more susceptible to cancer than others: GI tract,
prostate, thyroid gland, pancreas, urinary bladder, pleura, and skin.
Both cancer and inflammation elicit inflammatory cells including neutrophils,
lymphocytes, and macrophages to migrate to the site of injury and release
Inflammation & Cancer
cytokines and growth factors that stimulate local cell proliferation and new
blood vessel
growth to promote wound healing by tissue remodeling. Chronic inflammation
means continued proliferation of the previous inflammatory response.
Successful tumors appear capable of manipulating cells of the inflammatory and
immune response towards the phenotypes associated with wound healing and
tissue regeneration, which is a process that includes induction of cellular
proliferation, neovascularization, and local immune suppression. These activities
benefit cancer
progression, as well as increase resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Promote mutations and block the cellular response to DNA damage
1/
9
, 3/24/25, 5:59 NR507 Midterm Flashcards |
PM Quizlet
Generates prostaglandins during acute inflammation. Associated with colon and
COX-2 some other cancers. Long-term high-dose use of NSAIDSs than inhibit COX-2 can
reduce the risk of colon cancer by as much as 20%.
Chronic infection with H. Pylori is an important cause of peptic ulcer disease and is
strongly associated with gastric carcinoma, a leading cause of cancer deaths
H. pylori & Gastric Cancer worldwide. Other cancers include gastric adenocarcinoma, and MALT lymphomas.
H. pylori can also directly and indirectly produce genetic and epigenetic changes in
infected stomachs. Mutations in p53 and methylation of specific genes.
Preventing epigenetic factors can theoretically prevent cancer. The the interface
Epigenetics & Cancer of environment and genetics is chronic inflammation. Inflammation has been linked
with increased DNA methylation, an epigenetic alteration.
An acquired congenital hemolytic anemia, an alloimmune disorder in which
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible, causing the mother's
immune system to produce antibodies against fetal erythrocytes.
(sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from
Alloimmunity
members of the same species
Most common blood disorder in infancy and childhood, especially between 6
Iron Deficiency Anemia months to 2 years. Not related to gender or race, but socioeconomic factors are
important because they affect nutrition
2/
9
