NR507 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE

NR507 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE Innate immunity the immunity we are born with Immune response: 3 levels/lines of protection 1st line: physical, mechanical, & biochemical barriers 2nd line: the inflammatory response 3rd line: lymphocyte production most important immune defense intact skin and mucous membranes (impermeable barrier) PAMP pathogen associated molecular pattern surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes are covered with many foreign proteins foreign DAMP damage associated molecular pattern many proteins are released from inside our cells when they are damaged foreign PRR pattern recognition receptors surfaces of WBCs contain these receptor sites -continuously interact with any material they encounter to ID it as "self" or "non-self" (foreign; PAMP or DAMP) Chemotaxis Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus Phagocytosis "cell eating" 1. opsonization and adherence 2. engulfment - WBC surrounds and ingests Ag 3. Fusion of phagosome with lysosome 4. destruction - phagosome digested by lysozyme, H202, acids, and other toxic chemicals inside the lysosomes 5. egestion Hypersensitivity Type 1:_____ Allergic reaction Hypersensitivity: Type 1 Mediated by ______ IgE Hypersensitivity: Type 1 Inflammation due to _____________ mast cell degranulation Hypersensitivity: Type 1 local symptoms itching, rash Hypersensitivity: Type 1 systemic symptoms wheezing Hypersensitivity: Type 1 most dangerous form anaphylactic reaction-systemic response-hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction Hypersensitivity: Type 1 main treatment ___________ epinephrine Hypersensitivity Type 2: _________________ Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (example: thyroid tissue) hapten causes mediation of IgE or IgM Hypersensitivity: Type 2 Primary effector cells involved macrophages Hypersensitivity: Type 2 can cause ____________ tissue damage or alter function Hypersensitivity: Type 2 example of altered function graves disease (hyperthyroidism)-example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid tissue Hypersensitivity: Type 2 example of tissue damage incompatible blood type-example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated lysis Hypersensitivity: Type 3 Not organ specific Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions -the antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface and the complex is deposited in the tissues Hypersensitivity: Type 3 Examples Rheumatoid arthritis - antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - very closely related to autoimmunity- antigen/antibodies deposit in organs that cause tissue damage Scope of damage of SLE - Type 3 autoimmune response facial rash confined to cheeks (malar rash) discoid rash (raised patches, scaling) photosensitivity oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers hematologic disorders immunologic disorders non-erosive arthritis of at lease 2 peripheral joints serositis renal disorder neurologic disorder ANA Autoimmune diseases can be ______ familial Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major ____________ or _____________ histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes Alloimmunity AKA isoimmunity immune system of one individual produces a reaction against tissues of another individual Alloimmunity examples -Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus -Transplant rejection -Transfusion reaction Hypersensitivity: Type 4 T-cell mediated delayed response Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes Hypersensitivity: Type 4 typical reaction localized contact dermatitis (symptoms usually occur a few days later) Differentiating between type 1 and type 4 rash reactions Type I: IMMEDIATE hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually characterized by widely distributed lesions Type 4: contact dermatitis (DELAYED hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of contact with the allergen -Example: poison ivy