NR507 FINAL NEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE

NR507 FINAL NEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE Terms in this set (108) alveolar ventilation perfusion The volume of gas expired from alveoli to the outside of the body. Use ABG to measure Paco2. Balance between alveolar ventilation and perfusion (V/˙ Q˙ mismatch). Hypoventilation is decreased alveolar ventilation. Hyperventilation it will increase pityriasis rosea Self-limiting inflammatory skin problem that causes a rash. It may be caused by a virus (herpes). It is benign unless pregnant may cause miscarriage pityriasis rosea observation The rash often begins with a single, round or oval, pink patch that is scaly with a raised border (herald patch). The size of the patch ranges from 2-10 cm. Circular, demarcated, and salmon-pink. Most often on trunk and upper extremities that may be few or hundred lesions. Patches sometimes spread to the neck but rarely to the face. Form a "Christmas tree" or "fir tree" appearance. Itching is the most common symptom. Can last up to several months. pityriasis rosea diagnosis Diagnose through clinical appearance. If the diagnosis is unclear, your doctor may do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungal infection. If the diagnosis is unclear in a sexually active person, a test for syphilis is often done. pityriasis rosea treatment There is no treatment necessary. A corticosteroid may be used to relieve itching and reduce the rash, UV light, antihistamines or abx tx Innate immunity Also known as T-cell immunity, immune response is triggered that provides protection against natural barriers (epithileal cells) (first line of defense), intracellular bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and several viruses (second line). Includes macrophages and cytokines. Decreased by cortisol and stress. Adaptive immunity Third line of defense. can be active or passive. Involves immunoglobulins, or antibodies—and T&B lymphocytes. slower acting, response is specific to antigen, and very long-lived. has "memory". Overview of human defenses CHARACTERISTICS BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY Level of defense First line of defense against infection and tissue injury Second line of defense; occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection Third line of defense; initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of adaptive immunity Inflammatory response upon injury Is activated to protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing. Inflammatory response is a rapid activation of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific with similar responses being initiated against a wide variety of causes of tissue damage. Anemia Classified by their causes (e.g., anemia of chronic disease) or by changes that affect the size (anisocytosis), shape (poikilocytosis), or hemoglobin content of the erythrocyte (-chromic) Normocytic-Normochromic, anemia (normal size, normal hemoglobin concentration) Sickle cell anemia Anemia of chronic disease Posthemorrhagic anemia Microcytic-Hypo chromic anemia (small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes and reduced hemoglobin concentration) Iron deficiency anemia thalassemias anemia of chronic diseases Macrocytic-Normochromic anemia (normal MCHC, high MCV) Pernicious anemia: Vitamin B12 deficiency folate deficiency Heartburn Also called acid indigestion, heartburn is a burning pain or discomfort that can move up from your stomach to the middle of your abdomen and chest. The pain can also move into your throat. Despite its name, heartburn doesn't affect your heart. Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing Orthopnea Discomfort in breathing while lying down flat; common in people with many types of heart or lung conditions such as heart failure, pulmonary edema, sleep apnea, COPD, and heart valve disease Complications of gastric resection surgery Malabsorption syndromes including pancreatic, lipase and bile salt deficiency Dumping syndrome (rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme) macule A flat, circumscribed area that is a change in the color of the skin; less than 1 cm in diameter. A flat mole (nevi) or freckle, measles. Chickenpox T-cell immune response. Spread by touch contact and airborne droplets. The incubation period is 10 to 27 days. Contagious for at least 1 day before development of the rash. Transmission of the virus may occur approximately 5 to 6 days after the onset of the first skin lesions. Can be seen in various stages of maturation with macules, papules & vesicles that later crusts. Baths, wet dressings, and oral antihistamines Maternal immune system As a result of selective active transport across the placenta, maternal IgG is also the major class of antibody found in blood of the fetus and newborn candidiasis exacerbation Exacerbation of invasive candida albicans infection by commensal bacteria or a glycolipid through IFN -y produced in part by I NK T cells. A major cause of invasive fungal infections. in vaginitis or oropharyngeal infection (thrush) Carbuncles (boil) Infected hair follicles on the back of the neck, the upper back, and lateral thighs. begins in the subcutaneous tissue & lower dermis as a firm mass that evolves into an erythematous, painful, swollen mass that drains through many openings. Abscesses may develop. Chills, fever, and malaise. Treated with warm compresses to provide comfort and promote localization and spontaneous drainage. IgG The most abundant type of antibody. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. IgG is the first antibody to be made by the body to fight and new infection. It is found mainly in the blood and lymph fluid. Basal cell cancer most common type of skin cancer in whites caused by UV radiation exposure. Usually have depressed centers and rolled borders. pearly or ivory in appearance and slightly elevated above the skin surface with telangiectasias. grow upward and laterally or downward. Metastatic spread is rare because these tumors do not invade blood or lymph vessels. Melanoma Also known as malignant melanoma. Occurs when the pigment producing cells that give color to the skin become cancerous. fair hair, light skin with a propensity to sunburn are risks. The ABCDE rule is used as a guide to monitor nevi. Squamous cell skin carcinoma Found in head and neck and the hands It is a common treatable form of skin cancer. Arsenic in drinking water, UV light exposure, tanning beds. demonstrated by flat, reddish, scaly patches. can spread to regional lymph nodes with metastasis Congenital heart defects An abnormality in the heart that develops before birth. There are fewer than 200,000 cases per year. There are a number of types of heart defects