BSNC 1000 FINAL EXAM (QUESTIONS A
g g g g gg
ND ANSWERS) 2025/2026.
g g
What.is.theg.timelineg.ofg.theg.cellularg.stageg.ing.acuteg.inflammation?g.-g.Answerg.-
. g.WBCsgadhereg.tog.vesselg.wall,g.increaseg.ing.vascularg.permeabilityg.createsg.gaps,g.W
.g tissue,g.neutrophilsg.arriveg.first,g.WBCsg.moveg.byg.chemotaxisg.tog.areag.ofg.injury,
.g phagocytosisg.removesg.bacteria/cellg.debris,g.macrophagesg.arriveg.next
Whatg.does.corticotropin-releasingg.factorg.(CRF)g.dog.-g.Answerg.-g.Stimulates
.g anterior/posteriorg.pituitaryg.glandg.tog.releaseg.severalg.hormonesg.(antidiuretic,g.prolactin,
.g growth,g.adrenocorticotropicg.hormoneg.(ACTH))
Whatg.isg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Feelingg.ofg.pressureg.org.emotionalg.straing.fromg.life'sg.demands,
.g perceivedg.events,g.andg.stimuli
Whatg.isg.copingg.-g.Answerg.-g.Abilityg.tog.minimizeg.org.reduceg.theg.stressorg.tog.returng.to
.g homeostasis,g.well-being,g.andg.health
Whatg.isg.neutralg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Dailyg.stressg.andg.isg.wellg.managed
Whatg.isg.challenge-manageableg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Moderateg.tog.greaterg.stressg.and
.g existingg.org.new.copingg.resourcesg.areg.needed
Whatg.isg.severeg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Threatg.exceedsg.copingg.capacityg.tog.ag.stateg.of
.g exhaustion
Whatg.happens.if.someoneg.exceedsg.theirg.capacityg.tog.copeg.withg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Riskg.for
.g diseaseg.andg.disability
,Whatg.happens.duringg.theg.neuroendocrineg.responseg.-g.Answerg.-
g.Perceivedg.eventsg.causeg .g an
anticipatory response beginning in limbic system
Whatg.isg.includedg.ing.theg.limbicg.systemg.-g.Answerg.-g.thalamus,g.hypothalamus,g.basal
.g ganglia,g.hippocampus,g.amygdala
Whatg.does.theg.hypothalamusg.dog.duringg.theg.neuroendocrineg.responseg.-g.Answerg.-
.g Secretesg.corticotropin-releasingg.factorg.(CRF),g.activatingg.SNS,g.anteriorg.pituitary,g.and
.g posteriorg.pituitary
Whatg.happens.onceg.theg.SNSg.isg.activatedg.duringg.theg.neuroendocrineg.responseg.-g.Answer
-g.Releaseg.ofg.catecholaminesg.(norepinephrine,g.epinephrine,g.andg.dopamine)
Whereg.isg.norepinephrineg.releasedg.from.andg.dog.-g.Answerg.-g.theg.braing.andg.triggersg.neural
.g pathwaysg.forg.sensoryg.information,g.stimulatingg.arousal,g.vigilance,g.anxiety,g.andg.labile
.g emotions
,Why.does."fight.org.flight"g.occurg.-g.Answerg.-g.Dueg.tog.releaseg.ofg.catecholamines
Whatg.happens.tog.ourg.body.duringg."fightg.org.flight"g.-g.Answerg.-g.Increasedg.HR,g.BP,g.CO;
.g dilationg.ofg.bronchialg.airways;g.pupilg.dilation;g.increasedg.bloodg.flow.tog.skeletalg.muscles;
.g increasedg.bloodg.glucose
Whatg.does.adrenocorticotropicg.hormoneg.(ACTH)g.dog.-g.Answerg.-g.Triggersg.secretiong.of
.g cortisolg.andg.aldosteroneg.fromg.adrenalg.corte
x
Whatg.happens.onceg.theg.adrenalg.cortexg.isg.activatedg.-g.Answerg.-
.gSecretion of cortisol (a
glucocorticoid
)
Whatg.does.cortisolg.dog.-g.Answerg.-g.Mobilizesg.cellularg.metabolismg.(particularlyg.glucoseg.and
.g protei )
n
Whatg.happens.onceg.theg.stressorg.isg.eliminatedg.-g.Answerg.-g.Individualg.appraisesg.eventg.as
.g neutralg.org.withing.capacity,g.alarm.responseg.isg.halted
Whatg.happens.wheng.theg.stressorg.isg.prolongedg.-g.Answerg.-g.Hurtsg.organs,g.systems,g.health,
.g well-
being,g.exhaustsg.capacityg.andg.abilityg.tog.maintaing.homeostasis
Whatg.areg.endogenous.sourcesg.ofg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Worry,g.uncertainty,g.fear,g.attitude,
.gunrealisticg.expectation
s
Whatg.areg.theg.sourcesg.ofg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-
g.Endogenousg.andg.exogenous
Endogenousg.isg.-g.Answerg.-g.internal
Exogenousg.isg.-g.Answerg.-g.external
Whatg.areg.exogenousg.sourcesg.ofg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-
majorg.life
.gFamily, g.changes,
work, g.unforeseen
economics, g.change
school,
s
Whatg.areg.theg.typesg.ofg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Acute,g.episodic,g.chronic
Whatg.isg.acuteg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-
.g stress g.Shortg.termg.andg.resolutiong.leadsg.tog.eliminationg.ofgr
o
Whatg.isg.episodicg.acuteg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Selfg.inflictedg.stressg.(commong.amongg.typeg.A
.g personalities)g.Ex:g.takingg.ong.unrealisticg.assignments,g.constantg.worry
, Whatg.isg.chronicg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Sustainedg.threatg.thatg.isg.harmfulg.tog.health,g.often
.g associatedg.withg.ag.lossg.ofg.hopeg.ofg.improvement
g g g g gg
ND ANSWERS) 2025/2026.
g g
What.is.theg.timelineg.ofg.theg.cellularg.stageg.ing.acuteg.inflammation?g.-g.Answerg.-
. g.WBCsgadhereg.tog.vesselg.wall,g.increaseg.ing.vascularg.permeabilityg.createsg.gaps,g.W
.g tissue,g.neutrophilsg.arriveg.first,g.WBCsg.moveg.byg.chemotaxisg.tog.areag.ofg.injury,
.g phagocytosisg.removesg.bacteria/cellg.debris,g.macrophagesg.arriveg.next
Whatg.does.corticotropin-releasingg.factorg.(CRF)g.dog.-g.Answerg.-g.Stimulates
.g anterior/posteriorg.pituitaryg.glandg.tog.releaseg.severalg.hormonesg.(antidiuretic,g.prolactin,
.g growth,g.adrenocorticotropicg.hormoneg.(ACTH))
Whatg.isg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Feelingg.ofg.pressureg.org.emotionalg.straing.fromg.life'sg.demands,
.g perceivedg.events,g.andg.stimuli
Whatg.isg.copingg.-g.Answerg.-g.Abilityg.tog.minimizeg.org.reduceg.theg.stressorg.tog.returng.to
.g homeostasis,g.well-being,g.andg.health
Whatg.isg.neutralg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Dailyg.stressg.andg.isg.wellg.managed
Whatg.isg.challenge-manageableg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Moderateg.tog.greaterg.stressg.and
.g existingg.org.new.copingg.resourcesg.areg.needed
Whatg.isg.severeg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Threatg.exceedsg.copingg.capacityg.tog.ag.stateg.of
.g exhaustion
Whatg.happens.if.someoneg.exceedsg.theirg.capacityg.tog.copeg.withg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Riskg.for
.g diseaseg.andg.disability
,Whatg.happens.duringg.theg.neuroendocrineg.responseg.-g.Answerg.-
g.Perceivedg.eventsg.causeg .g an
anticipatory response beginning in limbic system
Whatg.isg.includedg.ing.theg.limbicg.systemg.-g.Answerg.-g.thalamus,g.hypothalamus,g.basal
.g ganglia,g.hippocampus,g.amygdala
Whatg.does.theg.hypothalamusg.dog.duringg.theg.neuroendocrineg.responseg.-g.Answerg.-
.g Secretesg.corticotropin-releasingg.factorg.(CRF),g.activatingg.SNS,g.anteriorg.pituitary,g.and
.g posteriorg.pituitary
Whatg.happens.onceg.theg.SNSg.isg.activatedg.duringg.theg.neuroendocrineg.responseg.-g.Answer
-g.Releaseg.ofg.catecholaminesg.(norepinephrine,g.epinephrine,g.andg.dopamine)
Whereg.isg.norepinephrineg.releasedg.from.andg.dog.-g.Answerg.-g.theg.braing.andg.triggersg.neural
.g pathwaysg.forg.sensoryg.information,g.stimulatingg.arousal,g.vigilance,g.anxiety,g.andg.labile
.g emotions
,Why.does."fight.org.flight"g.occurg.-g.Answerg.-g.Dueg.tog.releaseg.ofg.catecholamines
Whatg.happens.tog.ourg.body.duringg."fightg.org.flight"g.-g.Answerg.-g.Increasedg.HR,g.BP,g.CO;
.g dilationg.ofg.bronchialg.airways;g.pupilg.dilation;g.increasedg.bloodg.flow.tog.skeletalg.muscles;
.g increasedg.bloodg.glucose
Whatg.does.adrenocorticotropicg.hormoneg.(ACTH)g.dog.-g.Answerg.-g.Triggersg.secretiong.of
.g cortisolg.andg.aldosteroneg.fromg.adrenalg.corte
x
Whatg.happens.onceg.theg.adrenalg.cortexg.isg.activatedg.-g.Answerg.-
.gSecretion of cortisol (a
glucocorticoid
)
Whatg.does.cortisolg.dog.-g.Answerg.-g.Mobilizesg.cellularg.metabolismg.(particularlyg.glucoseg.and
.g protei )
n
Whatg.happens.onceg.theg.stressorg.isg.eliminatedg.-g.Answerg.-g.Individualg.appraisesg.eventg.as
.g neutralg.org.withing.capacity,g.alarm.responseg.isg.halted
Whatg.happens.wheng.theg.stressorg.isg.prolongedg.-g.Answerg.-g.Hurtsg.organs,g.systems,g.health,
.g well-
being,g.exhaustsg.capacityg.andg.abilityg.tog.maintaing.homeostasis
Whatg.areg.endogenous.sourcesg.ofg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Worry,g.uncertainty,g.fear,g.attitude,
.gunrealisticg.expectation
s
Whatg.areg.theg.sourcesg.ofg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-
g.Endogenousg.andg.exogenous
Endogenousg.isg.-g.Answerg.-g.internal
Exogenousg.isg.-g.Answerg.-g.external
Whatg.areg.exogenousg.sourcesg.ofg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-
majorg.life
.gFamily, g.changes,
work, g.unforeseen
economics, g.change
school,
s
Whatg.areg.theg.typesg.ofg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Acute,g.episodic,g.chronic
Whatg.isg.acuteg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-
.g stress g.Shortg.termg.andg.resolutiong.leadsg.tog.eliminationg.ofgr
o
Whatg.isg.episodicg.acuteg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Selfg.inflictedg.stressg.(commong.amongg.typeg.A
.g personalities)g.Ex:g.takingg.ong.unrealisticg.assignments,g.constantg.worry
, Whatg.isg.chronicg.stressg.-g.Answerg.-g.Sustainedg.threatg.thatg.isg.harmfulg.tog.health,g.often
.g associatedg.withg.ag.lossg.ofg.hopeg.ofg.improvement
