ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAMBANK 2024/2025 QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE SOLUTIONS A+
VERIFIED.
The _______ is the bed of capillaries in a cortical nephron
glomerulus
_______ arterioles carry blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular
capillaries
efferent
__________ surround the entire renal tubule and function to collect water and
solutes absorbed by the nephron
peritubular capillaries
The ______ is connected to peritubular capillaries and are parallel with the
nephron loop. They function to transport water and solutes.
vasa recta
The urinary system maintains homeostasis by excreting _________. Ex: urea,
creatinine, uric acid
metabolic wastes
_______ is the most abundant organic waste that is a byproduct of amino acid
breakdown
urea
________ is the byproduct of creatine phosphate breakdown in muscles
,creatinine
________ is formed during recycling of nitrogenous bases of RNA; makes urea
uric acid
______ is the blood pressure that forces water and solutes into capsular
space
filtration
________ is transport of water and solutes into peritubular fluid
reabsorption
________ is transport of water and solutes into tubular fluid
secretion
Filtration only occurs in the _________
renal corpuscle (glomerulus)
The ________ secretes renin when blood pressure is low
juxtaglomerular complex
______________ control capillary diameter by increasing and decreasing in
size. Serve to replace sphincters
intraglomerular mesangial cells
What is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule made of?
podocytes with foot processes, filtration slits
_____________ contain large diameter pores
fenestrated glomerular capillaries
_________ of the filtration membrane is just the basement membrane
dense layer
,The filtration slits from the podocytes in the visceral layer prevent what?
plasma proteins from entering capsular space
_______ is the blood pressure in glomerular capillaries that pushes water and
solutes into filtrate. 50mmHg
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
________ is affected by plasma proteins entering capsular space, which is
usually a small number because of the slits.
Capsular Colloid Osmotic Pressure
___________ is the pressure due to materials in solution that draws water out
of filtrate (opposes filtration).
blood colloid osmotic pressure
___________ opposes GHP and pushes water and solutes into plasma due to
bouncing off walls and coming back in. Results from resistance of filtrate.
Capsular Hydrostatic pressure
______________________ is the sum of all of the pressures
net filtration pressure
only ____________ of the initial filtrate volume reaches the DCT
15-20%
Nephron loop conserves water via ________ which creates concentration
gradient in medulla and creates salty environment to make concentrated
urine.
countercurrent multiplication
Most of _______ occurs in PCT
reabsorption
, What is secreted in PCT?
creatinine, uric acid, H+
What is reabsorbed in the PCT?
glucose, vitamins, ions, water
What is reabsorbed in the descending limb?
water
Why is water reabsorbed in the descending limb?
ascending limb creates salty environment by reabsorbing sodium and is
impermeable to water
What is absorbed in the ascending limb?
Na+, Cl- (some K+)
What is secreted in the ascending limb?
K+
Ascending limb is permeable to _____, but impermeable to ______.
Descending limb is opposite.
solutes, water
What is reabsorbed in the DCT in exchange for K+ ions? this is stimulated by
aldosterone
Na+
What is secreted in the DCT?
K+, H+ (to increase pH), drugs
What hormone is needed for aquaporines in the collecting duct?
ADH
EXAMBANK 2024/2025 QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE SOLUTIONS A+
VERIFIED.
The _______ is the bed of capillaries in a cortical nephron
glomerulus
_______ arterioles carry blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular
capillaries
efferent
__________ surround the entire renal tubule and function to collect water and
solutes absorbed by the nephron
peritubular capillaries
The ______ is connected to peritubular capillaries and are parallel with the
nephron loop. They function to transport water and solutes.
vasa recta
The urinary system maintains homeostasis by excreting _________. Ex: urea,
creatinine, uric acid
metabolic wastes
_______ is the most abundant organic waste that is a byproduct of amino acid
breakdown
urea
________ is the byproduct of creatine phosphate breakdown in muscles
,creatinine
________ is formed during recycling of nitrogenous bases of RNA; makes urea
uric acid
______ is the blood pressure that forces water and solutes into capsular
space
filtration
________ is transport of water and solutes into peritubular fluid
reabsorption
________ is transport of water and solutes into tubular fluid
secretion
Filtration only occurs in the _________
renal corpuscle (glomerulus)
The ________ secretes renin when blood pressure is low
juxtaglomerular complex
______________ control capillary diameter by increasing and decreasing in
size. Serve to replace sphincters
intraglomerular mesangial cells
What is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule made of?
podocytes with foot processes, filtration slits
_____________ contain large diameter pores
fenestrated glomerular capillaries
_________ of the filtration membrane is just the basement membrane
dense layer
,The filtration slits from the podocytes in the visceral layer prevent what?
plasma proteins from entering capsular space
_______ is the blood pressure in glomerular capillaries that pushes water and
solutes into filtrate. 50mmHg
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
________ is affected by plasma proteins entering capsular space, which is
usually a small number because of the slits.
Capsular Colloid Osmotic Pressure
___________ is the pressure due to materials in solution that draws water out
of filtrate (opposes filtration).
blood colloid osmotic pressure
___________ opposes GHP and pushes water and solutes into plasma due to
bouncing off walls and coming back in. Results from resistance of filtrate.
Capsular Hydrostatic pressure
______________________ is the sum of all of the pressures
net filtration pressure
only ____________ of the initial filtrate volume reaches the DCT
15-20%
Nephron loop conserves water via ________ which creates concentration
gradient in medulla and creates salty environment to make concentrated
urine.
countercurrent multiplication
Most of _______ occurs in PCT
reabsorption
, What is secreted in PCT?
creatinine, uric acid, H+
What is reabsorbed in the PCT?
glucose, vitamins, ions, water
What is reabsorbed in the descending limb?
water
Why is water reabsorbed in the descending limb?
ascending limb creates salty environment by reabsorbing sodium and is
impermeable to water
What is absorbed in the ascending limb?
Na+, Cl- (some K+)
What is secreted in the ascending limb?
K+
Ascending limb is permeable to _____, but impermeable to ______.
Descending limb is opposite.
solutes, water
What is reabsorbed in the DCT in exchange for K+ ions? this is stimulated by
aldosterone
Na+
What is secreted in the DCT?
K+, H+ (to increase pH), drugs
What hormone is needed for aquaporines in the collecting duct?
ADH
