TEST BANK FORr r
McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Childre
r r r r r r r r r r r r
n 9th Edition by Julia Rogers
r r r r r
Chapter 1-49 r
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
r r r
Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
r r r r r r
MULTIPLErCHOICE
1. Whichrstatementrbestrdescribesrthercellularrfunctionrofrmetabolicrabsorption?
a. Cellsrcanrproducerproteins.
b. Cellsrcanrsecreterdigestiverenzymes.
c. Cellsrcanrtakerinrandrusernutrients.
d. Cellsrcanrsynthesizerfats.
ANS:r C
Inrmetabolicrabsorption,rallrcellsrtakerinrandrusernutrientsrandrotherrsubstancesrfromrtheirrsurroun
dings.rTherremainingroptionsrarernotrinclusiverinrtheirrdescriptionsrofrcellularrmetabolicrabsorpti
on.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
2. Whererisrmostrofrarcell’srgeneticrinformation,rincludingrRNArandrDNA,rcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS:r C
Thernucleusrcontainsrthernucleolus,rarsmallrdenserstructurercomposedrlargelyrofrRNA,rmostrofrth
ercellularrDNA,randrtherDNA-
bindingrproteins,rsuchrasrtherhistones,rwhichrregulateritsractivity.rThermitochondriararerresponsi
blerforrcellularrrespirationrandrenergyrproduction.
Ribosomes’rchiefrfunctionrisrtorprovidersitesrforrcellularrproteinrsynthesis.rLysosomesrfunctionra
srtherintracellularrdigestiversystem.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
3. Whichrcomponentrofrthercellrproducesrhydrogenrperoxider(H2O2)rbyrusingroxygenrtorremoverhy
drogenratomsrfromrspecificrsubstratesrinranroxidativerreaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS:r B
, Peroxisomesrarersornamedrbecausertheyrusuallyrcontainrenzymesrthatruseroxygenrtorremoverhydr
ogenratomsrfromrspecificrsubstratesrinranroxidativerreactionrthatrproducesrH2O2,rwhichrisrarpower
fulroxidantrandrpotentiallyrdestructiverifritraccumulatesrorrescapesrfromrperoxisomes.rRibosomes
rarerRNA-
proteinrcomplexesr(nucleoproteins)rthatrarersynthesizedrinrthernucleolusrandrsecretedrintorthercyt
oplasmrthroughrporesrinrthernuclearrenvelopercalledrnuclearrporercomplexes.rLysosomesrarersacl
ikerstructuresrthatroriginaterfromrtherGolgircomplexrandrcontainrmorerthanr40rdigestiverenzymesr
calledrhydrolases,rwhichrcatalyzerbondsrinrproteins,rlipids,rnucleicracids,randrcarbohydrates.rAnr
endosomerisrarvesicalrthatrhasrbeenrpinchedroffrfromrthercellularrmembrane.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
4. Whichrcellrcomponentrisrcapablerofrcellularrautodigestionrwhenritrisrreleasedrduringrcellrinj
ury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgircomplex
c. Smoothrendoplasmicrreticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS:r D
Therlysosomalrmembraneractsrasrarprotectivershieldrbetweenrtherpowerfulrdigestiverenzymesrwit
hinrtherlysosomerandrthercytoplasm,rpreventingrtheirrleakagerintorthercytoplasmicrmatrix.rDisru
ptionrofrthermembranerbyrvariousrtreatmentsrorrcellularrinjuryrleadsrtorarreleaserofrtherlysosomalr
enzymes,rwhichrcanrthenrreactrwithrtheirrspecificrsubstrates,rcausingrcellularrself-
rdigestion.rTherchiefrfunctionrofrarribosomerisrtorprovidersitesrforrcellularrproteinrsynthesis.rTher
Golgircomplexrisrarnetworkrofrflattened,rsmoothrvesiclesrandrmembranesroftenrlocatedrnearrtherc
ellrnucleus.rThersmoothrendoplasmicrreticulumrisrinvolvedrinrsteroidrhormonerproductionrandrre
movingrtoxicrsubstancesrfromrthercell.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
5. WhichrcAMP-mediatedrresponserisrrelatedrtorantidiureticrhormone?
a. Increasedrheartrraterandrforcerofrcontraction
b. Secretionrofrcortisol
c. Increasedrretentionrofrwater
d. Breakdownrofrfat
ANS:r C
Antidiureticrhormonerleadsrtorincreasedrretentionrofrwaterrinrtherbody.rEpinephrinercausesrincreasesri
nrheartrraterandrforcerofrcontraction.rIncreasedrcortisolrsecretionrisrduertorACTH.rBreakdownrofrfatrisrd
uertorglucagon.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
6. DuringrwhichrphaserofrthercellrcyclerisrDNArsynthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS:r B
, Therfourrdesignatedrphasesrofrthercellrcyclerare:r(1)rtherG1rphaser(Gr=rgap),rwhichrisrtherperiodrbe
tweenrtherMrphaser(Mr=rmitosis)randrtherstartrofrDNArsynthesis;r(2)rtherSrphaser(S
=rsynthesis),rduringrwhichrDNArisrsynthesizedrinrthercellrnucleus;r(3)rtherG2rphase,rduringrwhichr
RNArandrproteinrsynthesisroccurs,rtherperiodrbetweenrthercompletionrofrDNArsynthesisrandrther
nextrphaser(M);randr(4)rtherMrphase,rwhichrincludesrnuclearrandrcytoplasmicrdivision.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
7. Whatrorganicrcompoundrfacilitatesrtransportationracrossrcellrmembranesrbyractingrasrre
ceptors,rtransportrchannelsrforrelectrolytes,randrenzymesrtordriveractiverpumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS:r C
Proteinsrhaverseveralrfunctions,rincludingractingrasrreceptors,rtransportrchannelsrforrelectrolytes,r
andrenzymesrtordriveractiverpumpsrLipidsrhelpractrasrther―glue‖rholdingrcellrmembranesrtogether
.rProteasesrcausertherbreakdownrofrprotein.rCarbohydratesrarerinvolvedrinrcellularrprotectionrandrl
ubricationrandrhelprproducerenergyrviaroxidativerphosphorylation.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
8. Understandingrthervariousrstepsrofrproteolyticrcascadesrmayrberusefulrinrdesigningrdrugrthe
rapyrforrwhichrhumanrdiseases?
a. Cardiacrandrvascularrdisorders
b. Autoimmunerandrmalignantrdisorders
c. Gastrointestinalrandrrenalrdisorders
d. Endocrinerandrgastrointestinalrdisorders
ANS:r B
Understandingrthervariousrstepsrinvolvedrinrthisrprocessrisrcrucialrforrdesigningrdrugrinterventio
ns.rDysregulationrofrproteasesrfeaturesrprominentlyrinrmanyrhumanrdiseases,rincludingrcancer,ra
utoimmunity,randrneurodegenerativerdisorders.rCardiac,rvascular,rgastrointestinal,rrenal,randren
docrinerdisordersrdornotrinvolverthisrprocess.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
9. Whichrstructurerpreventsrwater-
solublermoleculesrfromrenteringrcellsracrossrtherplasmarmembrane?
a. Carbohydraterchains
b. Glycoproteinrchannels
c. Membranerchannelrproteins
d. Lipidrbilayer
ANS:r D
, Therbilayer’srstructureraccountsrforronerofrtheressentialrfunctionsrofrtherplasmarmembrane.rItrisri
mpermeablertormostrwater-
solublermoleculesr(moleculesrthatrdissolverinrwater)rbecausertherwater-
solublermoleculesrarerinsolublerinrtheroilyrcorerregion.rTherbilayerrservesrasrarbarrierrtortherdiffu
sionrofrwaterrandrhydrophilicrsubstancesrwhilerallowingrlipid-
solublermolecules,rsuchrasroxygenr(O2)randrcarbonrdioxider(CO2),rtordiffuserthroughritrreadily.
Carbohydraterchains,rglycoproteinrchannels,randrmembranerchannelrproteinsrdornotrpreventrwa
ter-solublermoleculesrfromrenteringrcellsracrossrthercellrmembrane.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
10. Arstudentrasksrforranrexplanationrofrtherabsoluterrefractoryrperiodrofrtheractionrpotential.rWh
atrresponserbyrtherprofessorrisrbest?
a. Arstrongerrthanrnormalrimpulserwillrevokeranotherrresponse.
b. Norstimulusrisrablertorevokeranotherrresponseratrthisrtime.
c. Multiplerstimulircanrproducermorerrapidractionrpotentials.
d. Therhyperpolarizedrstatermeansrarweakerrstimulusrproducesrarresponse.
ANS:r B
Duringrtherabsoluterrefractoryrstaterofrtheractionrpotential,rnorstimulusrisrablertorevokeranotherrre
sponserfromrthercell.rArstrongerrthanrnormalrimpulsermayrgeneraterarresponserinrtherrelativerrefra
ctoryrperiod.rThisrperiodrofrtimerisrnotrrelatedrtorthernumberrofrstimuli.rArhyperpolarizedrstaterm
eansrarstrongerrthanrnormalrstimulusrwouldrberneededrtorgeneraterarresponse.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
11. Whichrformrofrcellrcommunicationrisrusedrtorwithinrthercellritselfrandrwithrotherrcellsrinrdire
ctrphysicalrcontact?
a. Proteinrchannelr(gaprjunction)
b. Plasmarmembrane-boundrsignalingrmolecules
c. Hormonersecretionrsuchrasrneurotransmitters
d. Extracellularrchemicalrmessengersrsuchrasrligands
ANS:r B
Cellsrcommunicaterinrthreermainrways;rtheyrdisplayrplasmarmembrane-
boundrsignalingrmoleculesrthatraffectrthercellritselfrandrotherrcellsrinrdirectrphysicalrcontactrwithri
t,rtheyraffectrreceptorrproteinsrinsiderthertargetrcell,randrtheyrformrproteinrchannelsr(gaprjunctions
)rthatrdirectlyrcoordinatertheractivitiesrofradjacentrcells.rNeurotransmittersrarerreleasedrbyrneuron
srandrcrossrthersynapticrcleftrtorcommunicaterwithrthercellsrtheyrinnervate.rLigandsrarerinvolvedri
nrbindingrprocesses.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
12. Whichrmoderofrchemicalrsignalingrusesrbloodrtortransportrcommunicationrtorcellsrsomerdis
tanceraway?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS:r D
McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Childre
r r r r r r r r r r r r
n 9th Edition by Julia Rogers
r r r r r
Chapter 1-49 r
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
r r r
Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
r r r r r r
MULTIPLErCHOICE
1. Whichrstatementrbestrdescribesrthercellularrfunctionrofrmetabolicrabsorption?
a. Cellsrcanrproducerproteins.
b. Cellsrcanrsecreterdigestiverenzymes.
c. Cellsrcanrtakerinrandrusernutrients.
d. Cellsrcanrsynthesizerfats.
ANS:r C
Inrmetabolicrabsorption,rallrcellsrtakerinrandrusernutrientsrandrotherrsubstancesrfromrtheirrsurroun
dings.rTherremainingroptionsrarernotrinclusiverinrtheirrdescriptionsrofrcellularrmetabolicrabsorpti
on.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
2. Whererisrmostrofrarcell’srgeneticrinformation,rincludingrRNArandrDNA,rcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS:r C
Thernucleusrcontainsrthernucleolus,rarsmallrdenserstructurercomposedrlargelyrofrRNA,rmostrofrth
ercellularrDNA,randrtherDNA-
bindingrproteins,rsuchrasrtherhistones,rwhichrregulateritsractivity.rThermitochondriararerresponsi
blerforrcellularrrespirationrandrenergyrproduction.
Ribosomes’rchiefrfunctionrisrtorprovidersitesrforrcellularrproteinrsynthesis.rLysosomesrfunctionra
srtherintracellularrdigestiversystem.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
3. Whichrcomponentrofrthercellrproducesrhydrogenrperoxider(H2O2)rbyrusingroxygenrtorremoverhy
drogenratomsrfromrspecificrsubstratesrinranroxidativerreaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS:r B
, Peroxisomesrarersornamedrbecausertheyrusuallyrcontainrenzymesrthatruseroxygenrtorremoverhydr
ogenratomsrfromrspecificrsubstratesrinranroxidativerreactionrthatrproducesrH2O2,rwhichrisrarpower
fulroxidantrandrpotentiallyrdestructiverifritraccumulatesrorrescapesrfromrperoxisomes.rRibosomes
rarerRNA-
proteinrcomplexesr(nucleoproteins)rthatrarersynthesizedrinrthernucleolusrandrsecretedrintorthercyt
oplasmrthroughrporesrinrthernuclearrenvelopercalledrnuclearrporercomplexes.rLysosomesrarersacl
ikerstructuresrthatroriginaterfromrtherGolgircomplexrandrcontainrmorerthanr40rdigestiverenzymesr
calledrhydrolases,rwhichrcatalyzerbondsrinrproteins,rlipids,rnucleicracids,randrcarbohydrates.rAnr
endosomerisrarvesicalrthatrhasrbeenrpinchedroffrfromrthercellularrmembrane.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
4. Whichrcellrcomponentrisrcapablerofrcellularrautodigestionrwhenritrisrreleasedrduringrcellrinj
ury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgircomplex
c. Smoothrendoplasmicrreticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS:r D
Therlysosomalrmembraneractsrasrarprotectivershieldrbetweenrtherpowerfulrdigestiverenzymesrwit
hinrtherlysosomerandrthercytoplasm,rpreventingrtheirrleakagerintorthercytoplasmicrmatrix.rDisru
ptionrofrthermembranerbyrvariousrtreatmentsrorrcellularrinjuryrleadsrtorarreleaserofrtherlysosomalr
enzymes,rwhichrcanrthenrreactrwithrtheirrspecificrsubstrates,rcausingrcellularrself-
rdigestion.rTherchiefrfunctionrofrarribosomerisrtorprovidersitesrforrcellularrproteinrsynthesis.rTher
Golgircomplexrisrarnetworkrofrflattened,rsmoothrvesiclesrandrmembranesroftenrlocatedrnearrtherc
ellrnucleus.rThersmoothrendoplasmicrreticulumrisrinvolvedrinrsteroidrhormonerproductionrandrre
movingrtoxicrsubstancesrfromrthercell.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
5. WhichrcAMP-mediatedrresponserisrrelatedrtorantidiureticrhormone?
a. Increasedrheartrraterandrforcerofrcontraction
b. Secretionrofrcortisol
c. Increasedrretentionrofrwater
d. Breakdownrofrfat
ANS:r C
Antidiureticrhormonerleadsrtorincreasedrretentionrofrwaterrinrtherbody.rEpinephrinercausesrincreasesri
nrheartrraterandrforcerofrcontraction.rIncreasedrcortisolrsecretionrisrduertorACTH.rBreakdownrofrfatrisrd
uertorglucagon.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
6. DuringrwhichrphaserofrthercellrcyclerisrDNArsynthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS:r B
, Therfourrdesignatedrphasesrofrthercellrcyclerare:r(1)rtherG1rphaser(Gr=rgap),rwhichrisrtherperiodrbe
tweenrtherMrphaser(Mr=rmitosis)randrtherstartrofrDNArsynthesis;r(2)rtherSrphaser(S
=rsynthesis),rduringrwhichrDNArisrsynthesizedrinrthercellrnucleus;r(3)rtherG2rphase,rduringrwhichr
RNArandrproteinrsynthesisroccurs,rtherperiodrbetweenrthercompletionrofrDNArsynthesisrandrther
nextrphaser(M);randr(4)rtherMrphase,rwhichrincludesrnuclearrandrcytoplasmicrdivision.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
7. Whatrorganicrcompoundrfacilitatesrtransportationracrossrcellrmembranesrbyractingrasrre
ceptors,rtransportrchannelsrforrelectrolytes,randrenzymesrtordriveractiverpumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS:r C
Proteinsrhaverseveralrfunctions,rincludingractingrasrreceptors,rtransportrchannelsrforrelectrolytes,r
andrenzymesrtordriveractiverpumpsrLipidsrhelpractrasrther―glue‖rholdingrcellrmembranesrtogether
.rProteasesrcausertherbreakdownrofrprotein.rCarbohydratesrarerinvolvedrinrcellularrprotectionrandrl
ubricationrandrhelprproducerenergyrviaroxidativerphosphorylation.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
8. Understandingrthervariousrstepsrofrproteolyticrcascadesrmayrberusefulrinrdesigningrdrugrthe
rapyrforrwhichrhumanrdiseases?
a. Cardiacrandrvascularrdisorders
b. Autoimmunerandrmalignantrdisorders
c. Gastrointestinalrandrrenalrdisorders
d. Endocrinerandrgastrointestinalrdisorders
ANS:r B
Understandingrthervariousrstepsrinvolvedrinrthisrprocessrisrcrucialrforrdesigningrdrugrinterventio
ns.rDysregulationrofrproteasesrfeaturesrprominentlyrinrmanyrhumanrdiseases,rincludingrcancer,ra
utoimmunity,randrneurodegenerativerdisorders.rCardiac,rvascular,rgastrointestinal,rrenal,randren
docrinerdisordersrdornotrinvolverthisrprocess.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
9. Whichrstructurerpreventsrwater-
solublermoleculesrfromrenteringrcellsracrossrtherplasmarmembrane?
a. Carbohydraterchains
b. Glycoproteinrchannels
c. Membranerchannelrproteins
d. Lipidrbilayer
ANS:r D
, Therbilayer’srstructureraccountsrforronerofrtheressentialrfunctionsrofrtherplasmarmembrane.rItrisri
mpermeablertormostrwater-
solublermoleculesr(moleculesrthatrdissolverinrwater)rbecausertherwater-
solublermoleculesrarerinsolublerinrtheroilyrcorerregion.rTherbilayerrservesrasrarbarrierrtortherdiffu
sionrofrwaterrandrhydrophilicrsubstancesrwhilerallowingrlipid-
solublermolecules,rsuchrasroxygenr(O2)randrcarbonrdioxider(CO2),rtordiffuserthroughritrreadily.
Carbohydraterchains,rglycoproteinrchannels,randrmembranerchannelrproteinsrdornotrpreventrwa
ter-solublermoleculesrfromrenteringrcellsracrossrthercellrmembrane.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
10. Arstudentrasksrforranrexplanationrofrtherabsoluterrefractoryrperiodrofrtheractionrpotential.rWh
atrresponserbyrtherprofessorrisrbest?
a. Arstrongerrthanrnormalrimpulserwillrevokeranotherrresponse.
b. Norstimulusrisrablertorevokeranotherrresponseratrthisrtime.
c. Multiplerstimulircanrproducermorerrapidractionrpotentials.
d. Therhyperpolarizedrstatermeansrarweakerrstimulusrproducesrarresponse.
ANS:r B
Duringrtherabsoluterrefractoryrstaterofrtheractionrpotential,rnorstimulusrisrablertorevokeranotherrre
sponserfromrthercell.rArstrongerrthanrnormalrimpulsermayrgeneraterarresponserinrtherrelativerrefra
ctoryrperiod.rThisrperiodrofrtimerisrnotrrelatedrtorthernumberrofrstimuli.rArhyperpolarizedrstaterm
eansrarstrongerrthanrnormalrstimulusrwouldrberneededrtorgeneraterarresponse.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
11. Whichrformrofrcellrcommunicationrisrusedrtorwithinrthercellritselfrandrwithrotherrcellsrinrdire
ctrphysicalrcontact?
a. Proteinrchannelr(gaprjunction)
b. Plasmarmembrane-boundrsignalingrmolecules
c. Hormonersecretionrsuchrasrneurotransmitters
d. Extracellularrchemicalrmessengersrsuchrasrligands
ANS:r B
Cellsrcommunicaterinrthreermainrways;rtheyrdisplayrplasmarmembrane-
boundrsignalingrmoleculesrthatraffectrthercellritselfrandrotherrcellsrinrdirectrphysicalrcontactrwithri
t,rtheyraffectrreceptorrproteinsrinsiderthertargetrcell,randrtheyrformrproteinrchannelsr(gaprjunctions
)rthatrdirectlyrcoordinatertheractivitiesrofradjacentrcells.rNeurotransmittersrarerreleasedrbyrneuron
srandrcrossrthersynapticrcleftrtorcommunicaterwithrthercellsrtheyrinnervate.rLigandsrarerinvolvedri
nrbindingrprocesses.
DIF: CognitiverLevel:rRemembering
12. Whichrmoderofrchemicalrsignalingrusesrbloodrtortransportrcommunicationrtorcellsrsomerdis
tanceraway?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS:r D
