Anatomy and Physiology I
, Contents
Module 1: Body Plan and Organization
An Introduction to the Human Body 2
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 3
Structural Organization of the Human Body 5
Functions of Human Life 9
Requirements for Human Life 12
Anatomical Terminology 17
Anatomical Location 24
Glossary: Introduction 26
Practice Test: Body Plan and Organization 30
Module 2: Homeostasis
Homeostasis 32
Homeostasis and Feedback Loops 36
Feedback Loops 47
Homeostatic Maintenance 53
Module 3: The Chemical Level of Organization
Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization 58
Chemistry 60
Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter 62
Chemical Bonds 70
Chemical Reactions 76
Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning 81
Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning 89
Glossary: The Chemical Level of Organization 104
Practice Test: The Chemical Level of Organization 108
Module 4: The Cellular Level of Organization
Introduction to the Cellular Level of Organization 110
, The Cell Membrane 112
The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles 123
The Nucleus and DNA Replication 131
Protein Synthesis 136
Cell Growth and Division 142
Cellular Differentiation 150
Cell Respiration 154
PRACTICE: iCell 169
Glossary: The Cellular Level of Organization 170
Practice Test: The Cellular Level of Organization 177
Module 5: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue 180
Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System 181
Nervous Tissue 189
The Function of Nervous Tissue 197
The Action Potential 201
Communication Between Neurons 211
Module 6: The Nervous System
Introduction to the Nervous System 220
The Central Nervous System 221
Brain 233
Spinal Cord 241
The Peripheral Nervous System 248
Module 7: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves 258
Central Processing 260
Motor Responses 272
Module 8: The Autonomic Nervous System
Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 282
, Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 284
Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis 294
Central Control 303
Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System 307
Module 9: The Endocrine System
Introduction to the Endocrine System 314
An Overview of the Endocrine System 315
Hormones 320
The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 332
The Thyroid Gland 343
The Parathyroid Glands 350
The Adrenal Glands 354
The Pineal Gland 361
Gonadal and Placental Hormones 364
The Endocrine Pancreas 367
Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions 374
Development and Aging of the Endocrine System 379
Module 10: Bone Tissue and The Skeletal System
Introduction to Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System 382
The Functions of the Skeletal System 384
Bone Classification 387
Bone Structure 390
Bone Formation and Development 399
Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue 406
Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems 411
Module 11: Axial Skeleton
Introduction to the Axial Skeleton 416
Divisions of the Skeletal System 418
The Skull 420
The Vertebral Column 439
, Contents
Module 1: Body Plan and Organization
An Introduction to the Human Body 2
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 3
Structural Organization of the Human Body 5
Functions of Human Life 9
Requirements for Human Life 12
Anatomical Terminology 17
Anatomical Location 24
Glossary: Introduction 26
Practice Test: Body Plan and Organization 30
Module 2: Homeostasis
Homeostasis 32
Homeostasis and Feedback Loops 36
Feedback Loops 47
Homeostatic Maintenance 53
Module 3: The Chemical Level of Organization
Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization 58
Chemistry 60
Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter 62
Chemical Bonds 70
Chemical Reactions 76
Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning 81
Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning 89
Glossary: The Chemical Level of Organization 104
Practice Test: The Chemical Level of Organization 108
Module 4: The Cellular Level of Organization
Introduction to the Cellular Level of Organization 110
, The Cell Membrane 112
The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles 123
The Nucleus and DNA Replication 131
Protein Synthesis 136
Cell Growth and Division 142
Cellular Differentiation 150
Cell Respiration 154
PRACTICE: iCell 169
Glossary: The Cellular Level of Organization 170
Practice Test: The Cellular Level of Organization 177
Module 5: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue 180
Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System 181
Nervous Tissue 189
The Function of Nervous Tissue 197
The Action Potential 201
Communication Between Neurons 211
Module 6: The Nervous System
Introduction to the Nervous System 220
The Central Nervous System 221
Brain 233
Spinal Cord 241
The Peripheral Nervous System 248
Module 7: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves 258
Central Processing 260
Motor Responses 272
Module 8: The Autonomic Nervous System
Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 282
, Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 284
Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis 294
Central Control 303
Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System 307
Module 9: The Endocrine System
Introduction to the Endocrine System 314
An Overview of the Endocrine System 315
Hormones 320
The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 332
The Thyroid Gland 343
The Parathyroid Glands 350
The Adrenal Glands 354
The Pineal Gland 361
Gonadal and Placental Hormones 364
The Endocrine Pancreas 367
Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions 374
Development and Aging of the Endocrine System 379
Module 10: Bone Tissue and The Skeletal System
Introduction to Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System 382
The Functions of the Skeletal System 384
Bone Classification 387
Bone Structure 390
Bone Formation and Development 399
Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue 406
Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems 411
Module 11: Axial Skeleton
Introduction to the Axial Skeleton 416
Divisions of the Skeletal System 418
The Skull 420
The Vertebral Column 439
