PSYCHOLOGY 333 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers

PSYCHOLOGY 333 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers Which of the following is NOT one of the three ways mentioned for feminisms to remain viable and healthy? Endorse more traditional and commonplace conceptions of femininity Which of the following is TRUE of the history of acceptance of nonbinary categories of sex and gender in Western cultures? New York City issued the first intersex birth certificate in the United States Since the earliest waves of women's movements, feminism has included considerations for factors such as race and class. False Intersexuality refers to instances where... Biological components of sex do not fit the typical male/female pattern Strict sex and gender binaries are... Oversimplified categorical structures people impose on society What event key in prompting the American psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from its classification as a psychological disorder from the DSM-II? A study showing no differences in psychological adjustment between heterosexual and gay participants Psychological androgyny refers to the possession of high levels of both masculine and feminine attributes. True Which is TRUE of a mixed method approach to research? The incorporation of multiple worldviews in understanding a topic ... tend to examine the roles of sex and gender in the development of human societies across cultures and time. Anthropologists Research shows that differences in psychological aggression between men and women are... Most likely caused by some mixture of biological and social factors Some social understandings of sex and gender show a great deal of cultural variability, such as... The acceptability of third sex/gender options Using "sex" to refer to biological differences between men and women and "gender" to refer to the culturally constructed differences is problematic for which of the following reasons? It is difficult to pinpoint the precise influence of biology and culture in sex differences More current conceptualizations of gender include a wider range of possible gender identities. True One research study by Case et al. (2014) found that exposing participants to videotaped discussions of male and heterosexual privileged had what effect? Reduced sexist attitudes and increased motivation to avoid prejudice Which of the following BEST represents an intersectional perspective? Researching how Black women face multiple forms of discrimination A key component of critical thinking is to ask yourself, "How can I make this new information consistent with my pre-existing beliefs?" False The influence of gender in our everyday lives is often subtle and outside of awareness? True Men and masculinity scholars have developed new theories often focusing on... The destructive aspects of the traditional male gender role for men's health The study of gender psychology first gained traction... During the second wave of women's movement in the 1970s Which group would be least likely to recognize the influence of sex and gender in daily life? Cisgender men Which of the following is NOT true of postpositivism? Empirical investigation is an inferior method towards studying politically charged questions ... methods allow researchers to turn their variables of interest into numbers. Quantitative Anderson and Leaper's (1998) discovery that studies with female first authors found larger sex differences in interruptions (favoring men) and studies with mail first authors might be an example of... Researcher bias Qualitative research is less scientifically valid than quantitative research. False All of the following contribute to a larger effect size EXCEPT... Large sample size Which of the following does NOT accurately describe science? It most heavily emphasizes evidence that is consistent with theory One of the advantages of longitudinal studies is that they are not susceptible to third variable problems. False When psychologists report discovering sex differences on some variable (e.g., optimism) what do they typically mean by this? That the observed difference is unlikely to have occurred due to chance Which best illustrates the meaning of postpositivism? Science is a useful but flawed process that is heavily influenced by the values of researchers Which of the following refers to the difference between the average values for each group? The between-group variance Imagine Mark is studying sex differences in emotional expression. His study contains measures for seven different types of emotional expression. He finds that women score higher on one of these and men score higher on another one. He interprets his findings as suggesting largely different styles of emotional expression across men and women. Mark's interpretation indicates a ... approach. Maximalist Scientific positivism is the philosophical position that objective and value free knowledge can be attained through empirical investigation. True Which of the following is NOT crucial to making casual inferences from a study? A representative sample Pushes towards qualitative methods in psychology have gained momentum for each of the following reasons EXCEPT... Problems with the internal validity of inferential statistics The presence of a statistically significant difference tells you that there is a large effect size. False Proponents of intersexuality might offer which of the following critiques of how samples are typically collected in psychological studies in the United States? They are largely composed of White, middle class participants - ignoring the individual differences that exist within sex Someone with a minimalist approach might envision that girls and boys have largely overlapping distributions of math anxiety scores. True Crawford and Kaufman (2008) conducted interview with 20 girls rescued from sex trafficking in Nepal and then statistically summarized the main themes in the case. This type of research is best characterized as... Mixed method Which of the following is NOT an example of a qualitative method? Administering the Big Five personality inventory to a group with ADHD Some gender researchers argue that a maximalist approach is problematic because... It perpetuated overgeneralized beliefs about the sexes Which of the following is TRUE of chromosomes in the human body? All but one chromosome or chromosome pair are non-sex chromosomes Sex differences in brain structures are indicative of innate, biological differences between female and male individuals. False John Money's optimal sex policy at John Hopkins University reflected his belief that... Social factors can override any role that biology plays in gender identity What is meant by neural plasticity? The brain's ability to reorganize physically in response to environmental factors Based on both atypical and typical chromosomal patterns, what relationship appears to exist between chromosomal patterns and gender identity? The presence of a Y chromosome strongly predicts a male gender identity The findings from Caspi and colleagues' (2003) longitudinal study on the environmental and genetic roots of depression best support which of the following interpretations? Genetic vulnerabilities and stressful environments combine to influence the prevalence of depression In a review of longitudinal studies, White, Hughto and Reisner (2016) found what effects of hormone treatments among Transwomen and Transmen? Both Transmen and Transwomen showed significant decreases in anxiety and depression ... refers to the binary sex that doctors and parents perceive as the best option for newborn infants whose genitalia appear atypical. Optimal sex Evolutionary psychology faces a challenge to its scientific merit because... Its predictions can be speculative and difficult to test empirically The sizes of a brain structures are reliable predictors of meaningful behavioral and psychological sex differences. False When Cordelia Fine introduced the concept of neurosexism in her 2010 book, Delusions of Gender, what did she mean by it? People tend to interpret neuroscience research in ways that reinforce gender stereotypes Ruigrok et al., (2014) found that, compared to women, men tend to show greater volume in the left amygdala (a part of the limbic system involved in processing and expressing emotions, especially fear). What can be concluded from this finding? This finding alone is not indicative of any meaningful sex differences in emotional experiences According to evolutionary psychology, a primary reproductive problem men have adapted to is paternity uncertainty. True By looking at either external genitalia or sex chromosomes scientists can accurately determine a person's sex. False In her 2009 book--Pink Brain, Blue Brain--Lise Eliot puts forth what interpretation of observed sex differences in the brain? Gender stereotypes create different life experiences for boys and girls which exaggerate structural differences in the brain Heritability estimates are calculated by... Comparing the similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic twins According to biosocial constructionist theory, sex differences in traits related to warmth and assertiveness emerge from how societies divide labor. True Which of the following is the best example of a passive gene-by-environment interaction? Genetically athletic parents who begin athletic training for their children at an early age As early as 1993, Biologist Ann Fausto-Sterling argued what about biological sex? That at least five or more biological sexes should be recognized Which of the following traits is the best example of a trait that would give an organism a competitive edge with respect to intrasexual selection? The head-butting horns of bighorn sheep Childhood friends are typically the first source of socialization teaching gender norms to children. False The idea behind the double standard of aging is that... Women's social value declines with age but men's increases Elderly men tend to viewed as more idle and weak compared to elderly women, who are viewed as relatively more resourceful and strong. True According to the gender self-socialization model, what type of person will be most likely to develop gendered self-views? Someone who identifies strongly with their sex and endorses gender stereotypes A cisgender girl understands that she will grow up to be a "mommy" rather than a "daddy," before she understands that a man wearing a dress does not turn him into a woman. True Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies find what evidence relevant to degendering theory? Across all age groups, women rate themselves higher in communal traits and men rate themselves higher in agentic traits Across all age groups, women rate themselves higher in communal traits and men rate themselves higher in agentic traits. True Which of the following outcomes would NOT be consistent with the precarious manhood hypothesis? When women feel they are seen as "less of a woman," they report greater depression In Western cultures, when parents negotiate conflicts by supporting adolescents' autonomy they display stronger relationship skills as they enter adulthood. True Children's peer and friendship circles tend to... Encourage gender typical behaviors when sex-segregated Compared to the West, collectivist cultures are more likely to interpret strict parenting as... Warm and caring In which of the following ways do children raised by same-sex parents differ from children with parents of both sexes? They endorse fewer gender stereotypes Based on research studying the influence of parents in gender socialization, which of the following findings would you NOT expect to find? Parents are less flexible in allowing girls to pursue behavior associated with the other sex McHale and colleagues (2005) study of Mexican American families found what regarding parental double standards in affording freedoms to sons and daughters? Traditional parents allowed adolescent daughters fewer privileges Research shows that parents and young adults emphasize different criteria for determining when adolescents become adults. For example, parents might place more emphasis on ... whereas young adults are more likely to emphasize... Avoiding juvenile misbehavior; getting married According to cognitive developmental theory, what is the causal relationship between gender identity and gender typical behaviors? The emergence of gender identity causes children to perform gender typical behavior Which of the following would be an example of a parent-child interaction? Boys receiving harsher discipline because they do not respond to gentle punishment According to the precarious manhood hypothesis there is a cross-cultural tendency to understand manhood as ... and womanhood as... Easy to lose; stable Which of the following would you predict to be TRUE of someone who is gender aschematic? Attempts to prime gender stereotypes will have smaller effects upon their judgments and behavior According to Sandra Bem (1983) what is the difference between someone who is gender schematic versus someone who is gender aschematic? Someone who is gender schematic is more likely to use gender as a way of understanding and organizing the world Haines and colleagues (2016) present evidence that gender stereotypes in the United States have followed what trend from 1983 to 2016? The strength of gender stereotypes has not changed Which of the following explanations of the origins of gender stereotypes is most consistent with evolutionary psychology? People associate men with assertiveness because such traits facilitated man's likelihood of reproducing Collectivist cultures are more likely to stereotype men as communal. True Which of the following is TRUE regarding gender stereotype accuracy across the domains of personality, cognitive ability, and communication? In general, gender stereotypes for direction, discrepancy, and rank order are fairly accurate across all three domains What is the purpose of gender rules according to the status incongruity hypothesis (Rudman et al., 2012)? To justify and reinforce the unequal gender hierarchy Suppose a math teacher stereotypes male students as better at math than female students, and this in turn causes the teacher to give more attention to male students. This ultimately results in male students performing better in the teacher's class than female students. This is an example of... A self-fulfilling prophecy Which of the following groups will be stereotyped most similarly to men overall? White men Matsick and Conley (2016) discovered that members of the LGBQT community hold unique stereotypes about heterosexual men and women. For example, heterosexual men were stereotyped as ... while heterosexual women were stereotyped as... Macho; hyper feminine Favorable stereotypes about women as warm, nurturing, and generous are consistent across race and socioeconomic status. False Endorsement of gender stereotypes in the United States has weakened significantly over the past 30 years. False The stereotype content model proposes what two dimensions of evaluation dominate group stereotypes? Agency and communion Modest men are viewed less favorably than modest women. True Genetic predispositions among males and females to display different personality traits are consistent with social role theory. True Traits that society says women and men should exhibit are called gender ..., while traits that society disapproves of in women and men are called gender... Prescriptions; proscriptions Cuddy and colleagues' (2015) reanalysis of Williams and Best's (1990) cross-cultural data on gender stereotypes revealed what subtle pattern? Men are stereotyped as holding the most culturally valued traits Holleran and colleagues found that gender stereotypes are inaccurate for which of the following traits/behaviors? Talkativeness Researchers assess stereotype accuracy with respect to both ... and... Discrepancy; direction Williams and Best (1990) found what about the generalizability of the stereotype content model across culture? Women are consistently associated with communal traits and men with agentic traits Labor statistics indicate that Black men are overrepresented in roles such as athletes and laborers. According to findings from social role theory, about what correlation should exist between the ratings of these occupations on communion/agency and the communion/agency traits ascribed to Black men? r = .70 Based on Cuddy and colleagues' (2015) analysis of cross culture gender stereotypes, you might predict that ... are stereotyped as relatively high in social sensitivity... Mem; in South Korea According to sex ratio theory, when men outnumber women, women hold more dyadic power. True ... encourage(s) members of subordinate groups to accept their own lower status. For example, women who appreciate the benefits of protection and chivalry that their female status earns them. Cultural ideologies Which of the following is TRUE of how women respond to actual gender discrimination? They are less likely to confront the perpetrator than they predict According to sex ratio theory, which of the following is an outcome of women outnumbering men? Increase male promiscuity and decreased commitment Cultural ideologies are a type of power, identified by Pratto and Walker (2004), that are relevant to sex and gender. True Assumptions of early social psychologists that studies with only male participants would generalize to all people best reflects differences in which type of power? Cultural ideologies Those who hold more ... tend to have more control over the home and family. Dyadic power Which of the following is the best example of a status legitimizing belief? Women are low in agency but high in warmth ... refers to the difficulty people have in attributing negative treatment to discrimination where other possible explanations are present. Attributional ambiguity Which of the following groups is most likely to encounter harassment in the workplace? Women of color ... sexism consists of antagonistic and insulting beliefs about women and their roles. Hostile Which of the following has been shown to contribute to the attributional ambiguity of discrimination? Embedding discriminatory sentiments in humor People high in social dominance orientation are more likely to seek and prefer occupations in law, politics, and business. True According to ... members of low status groups are motivated to endorse beliefs that legitimize their own low status out of a need to view the hierarchy as fair. System justification theory Reading brief descriptions of benevolently sexist beliefs can actually reduce women's collective action behavior. True Why does Lilienfeld (2017) argue that researchers have struggled to study micro-aggressions empirically? The term micro-aggression is overly broad and lacks coherent meeting The belief that women use their gender to their advantage and complain about sexism when they are outperformed is an example of hostile sexism. True A society that traces descent through the mother's kinship line but men hold higher political power would be ... and... Matrilineal; patriarchal Which of the following descriptors does NOT necessarily apply to the term "privilege?" Conscious This type of sexism measures the denial that gender discrimination still exists. Modern sexism Being able to identify whether or not a surface is truly level is an example of... Spatial perception Following Thurston and Thurston's (1941) factor analysis of intelligence tests, what three dimensions of cognitive abilities have dominated explorations of sex differences? Verbal, quantitative, and spatial Robertson and colleagues (2010) followed top-performing math and science students from youth through adulthood, finding what work related difference as subjects reached their mid-30s? Women were willing to work fewer hours due to increased family obligations Each of the following are TRUE of the intelligence quotient EXCEPT... It fluctuates vastly throughout adulthood Children of parents with math anxiety are more likely to exhibit math anxiety themselves, but only if their parents frequently help them with their homework. True One study by Baldiga (2013) found that women's lower performance on the SAT may be partly due to less willingness to... Guess on questions Verbal reasoning is an exception to the general trend toward female advantage in verbal abilities. True Greater within group variance among tests for men's cognitive abilities means there will be fewer men among the top scorers on cognitive tests and fewer among the lowest. False