Depression & OCD (Continued) & Attachment
Attachment: Cultural Variations & Maternal Deprivation
143. Takahashi (1990):
o Japanese infants show high separation anxiety due to rare
mother-child separation.
144. Limitation: Temperament as Confounding Variable:
o Kagan (1982): Temperament, not attachment, may influence
behavior, reducing Strange Situation validity.
145. Limitation: Additional Attachment Types:
o Main and Soloman (1986): Disorganized attachment (mixed
behaviors) challenges Ainsworth's categories.
146. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988):
o Meta-analysis: Cultural variations in attachment, with higher
insecure-resistant in collectivist cultures.
o Variations within countries exceeded variations between.
147. Simonelli et al. (2014):
o Italian study: Lower secure attachment rates, possibly due to
increased working mothers.
o Cultural change impacts attachment distributions.
148. Strength: Large Sample Size:
o Meta-analysis increases internal validity by reducing impact of
outliers.
149. Limitation: Sample Representativeness:
o Country comparisons may not reflect cultural differences within
those countries.
150. Limitation: Cultural Bias:
o Strange Situation reflects British/American norms, imposing etic
on other cultures.
151. Alternative Explanation: Mass Media Effects:
, o Van Ijzendoorn: Cultural similarities may stem from mass media,
not innate factors.
152. Maternal Deprivation Theory:
o Bowlby: Prolonged maternal separation in critical period (30
months) causes psychological damage.
153. Deprivation:
o Loss of emotional care due to separation.
154. Separation:
o Physical absence of primary attachment figure.
155. Deprivation and IQ:
o Goldfarb (1947): Institutionalized children had lower IQs.
156. Deprivation and Emotionless Psychopathy:
o Lack of emotional care leads to inability to feel guilt, linked to
criminality.
157. Bowlby (1944): 44 Thieves Study:
o Affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged maternal
deprivation.
158. Limitation: Flawed Evidence:
o Goldfarb's study: War orphans had trauma/poor aftercare,
confounding results.
o Bowlby's study: Potential bias in assessment.
159. Limitation: Counter-Evidence:
o Lewis (1954): Maternal separation did not predict criminality.
160. Limitation: Critical Period Questioned:
o Koluchova (1976): Czech twins recovered from severe
deprivation, suggesting sensitive period.
161. Strength: Animal Study Support:
o Levy et al. showed permanent social development affects in rats.
162. Limitation: Deprivation vs. Privation:
Attachment: Cultural Variations & Maternal Deprivation
143. Takahashi (1990):
o Japanese infants show high separation anxiety due to rare
mother-child separation.
144. Limitation: Temperament as Confounding Variable:
o Kagan (1982): Temperament, not attachment, may influence
behavior, reducing Strange Situation validity.
145. Limitation: Additional Attachment Types:
o Main and Soloman (1986): Disorganized attachment (mixed
behaviors) challenges Ainsworth's categories.
146. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988):
o Meta-analysis: Cultural variations in attachment, with higher
insecure-resistant in collectivist cultures.
o Variations within countries exceeded variations between.
147. Simonelli et al. (2014):
o Italian study: Lower secure attachment rates, possibly due to
increased working mothers.
o Cultural change impacts attachment distributions.
148. Strength: Large Sample Size:
o Meta-analysis increases internal validity by reducing impact of
outliers.
149. Limitation: Sample Representativeness:
o Country comparisons may not reflect cultural differences within
those countries.
150. Limitation: Cultural Bias:
o Strange Situation reflects British/American norms, imposing etic
on other cultures.
151. Alternative Explanation: Mass Media Effects:
, o Van Ijzendoorn: Cultural similarities may stem from mass media,
not innate factors.
152. Maternal Deprivation Theory:
o Bowlby: Prolonged maternal separation in critical period (30
months) causes psychological damage.
153. Deprivation:
o Loss of emotional care due to separation.
154. Separation:
o Physical absence of primary attachment figure.
155. Deprivation and IQ:
o Goldfarb (1947): Institutionalized children had lower IQs.
156. Deprivation and Emotionless Psychopathy:
o Lack of emotional care leads to inability to feel guilt, linked to
criminality.
157. Bowlby (1944): 44 Thieves Study:
o Affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged maternal
deprivation.
158. Limitation: Flawed Evidence:
o Goldfarb's study: War orphans had trauma/poor aftercare,
confounding results.
o Bowlby's study: Potential bias in assessment.
159. Limitation: Counter-Evidence:
o Lewis (1954): Maternal separation did not predict criminality.
160. Limitation: Critical Period Questioned:
o Koluchova (1976): Czech twins recovered from severe
deprivation, suggesting sensitive period.
161. Strength: Animal Study Support:
o Levy et al. showed permanent social development affects in rats.
162. Limitation: Deprivation vs. Privation:
