3/27/25, 7:10
PM
NR601 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Terms in this set (300)
1. Reduced physiological reserve of most body systems, esp. cardiac, resp, renal.
2.Reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory systems (i.e.
What are the 3 primary physiological
temp control, fluid/lyte balance, etc.).
changes of aging?
3.Impaired immunological function (infection risk is greater, autoimmune dz's more
prevalent)
30min/day 5 days/wk of moderate exercise.
What is the preferred amount of exercise
for elderly?
If trying to lose wt: 60min/day.
Group of tests that provide quantifiable measurement of lung function, used to dx
What are PFTs?
resp abnormalities or assess progression/resolution of lung dz.
What is FEV1? Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (80-120%)
What is FVC? Forced Vital Capacity (80-120%)
What is normal FEV1/FVC ratio? <0.7 (70%)
Mild
What is GOLD 1 criteria?
FEV1 >/= 80% predicted
Moderate
What is GOLD 2 criteria?
FEV1 50-79% predicted
Severe
What is GOLD 3 criteria?
FEV1 30-49% predicted
Very severe
What is GOLD 4 criteria?
FEV1 <30% predicted
Dyspnea
Chronic cough w/sputum
What are the signal symptoms of COPD?
Decreased activity tolerance
Wheezing
Common, preventable, treatable.
Characterized by persistent airflow
limitation.
What are characteristics of COPD?
Usually progressive, associated with enhanced chronic inflammatory response in
airways and lungs to noxious particles/gases
Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs, airway inflammation, increased airway resistance, small
airway dz.
Decreased elastic recoil of alveoli.
Smoking (increasing w/number of pack years)
What are risk factors for COPD? Second hand smoke
Environmental pollution (endotoxins, coal dust, mineral dust)
1/
8
, 3/27/25, 7:10
PM
May be normal in early states
As severity progresses: lung hyperinflation, decreased breath sounds, wheezes at
What is seen on phys exam in COPD?
bases, distant heart tones (b/c of hyperinflation, so S1/S2 sounds off in distance),
accessory muscle use, pursed lip breathing, increased expiratory phase, neck vein
distention.
Spirometry is gold standard (pre and post bronchodilator).
How is COPD diagnosed?
Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark.
How is COPD treated? Bronchodilators: beta agonists (long/short), anticholinergics (long/short), or combo.
Stimulates beta-2-adrenergic receptors, increasing cyclic AMP, resulting in relaxing
What is the MOA of beta agonists?
airways.
Block the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic type 3 receptors, resulting in
What is the MOA of anticholinergics?
bronchodilation.
They are for moderate airflow limitation.
Why are long-acting beta agonists
prescribed for COPD? They relieve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, reduce number of
exacerbations, improve QOL.
CHF
Hyperventilation syndrome
Panic attacks
What are some non pulmonary diagnoses
Vocal cord
that result in COPD-type symptoms?
dysfunction
Obstructive sleep apnea
Aspergillosis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Wheezing
Shortness of
What are signal symptoms of asthma?
breath Cough (esp
at night) Chest
tightness
Daily chronic cough w/increased sputum for at least 3 consecutive months in at least
2 consecutive years.
What is chronic bronchitis?
Usually worse on wakening.
May or may not be associated with COPD.
Characterized by obstruction to airflow caused by abnormal airspace enlargement
distal to terminal bronchioles.
What is emphysema?
Chronic inflammation/remodeling, trapping air, hindering effective O2/CO2
exchange (all due to inflammatory mediators infiltrating airways).
Chest pain
What are signal symptoms of
Chest tightness
ischemic heart dz?
Chest discomfort
What is ischemic heart dz? Imbalance between supply and demand for blood flow to myocardium
Cough
Dyspnea
What are signal symptoms of lung CA? Wt loss
Anorexia
Hemoptysis
2/
8
PM
NR601 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Terms in this set (300)
1. Reduced physiological reserve of most body systems, esp. cardiac, resp, renal.
2.Reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory systems (i.e.
What are the 3 primary physiological
temp control, fluid/lyte balance, etc.).
changes of aging?
3.Impaired immunological function (infection risk is greater, autoimmune dz's more
prevalent)
30min/day 5 days/wk of moderate exercise.
What is the preferred amount of exercise
for elderly?
If trying to lose wt: 60min/day.
Group of tests that provide quantifiable measurement of lung function, used to dx
What are PFTs?
resp abnormalities or assess progression/resolution of lung dz.
What is FEV1? Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (80-120%)
What is FVC? Forced Vital Capacity (80-120%)
What is normal FEV1/FVC ratio? <0.7 (70%)
Mild
What is GOLD 1 criteria?
FEV1 >/= 80% predicted
Moderate
What is GOLD 2 criteria?
FEV1 50-79% predicted
Severe
What is GOLD 3 criteria?
FEV1 30-49% predicted
Very severe
What is GOLD 4 criteria?
FEV1 <30% predicted
Dyspnea
Chronic cough w/sputum
What are the signal symptoms of COPD?
Decreased activity tolerance
Wheezing
Common, preventable, treatable.
Characterized by persistent airflow
limitation.
What are characteristics of COPD?
Usually progressive, associated with enhanced chronic inflammatory response in
airways and lungs to noxious particles/gases
Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs, airway inflammation, increased airway resistance, small
airway dz.
Decreased elastic recoil of alveoli.
Smoking (increasing w/number of pack years)
What are risk factors for COPD? Second hand smoke
Environmental pollution (endotoxins, coal dust, mineral dust)
1/
8
, 3/27/25, 7:10
PM
May be normal in early states
As severity progresses: lung hyperinflation, decreased breath sounds, wheezes at
What is seen on phys exam in COPD?
bases, distant heart tones (b/c of hyperinflation, so S1/S2 sounds off in distance),
accessory muscle use, pursed lip breathing, increased expiratory phase, neck vein
distention.
Spirometry is gold standard (pre and post bronchodilator).
How is COPD diagnosed?
Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark.
How is COPD treated? Bronchodilators: beta agonists (long/short), anticholinergics (long/short), or combo.
Stimulates beta-2-adrenergic receptors, increasing cyclic AMP, resulting in relaxing
What is the MOA of beta agonists?
airways.
Block the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic type 3 receptors, resulting in
What is the MOA of anticholinergics?
bronchodilation.
They are for moderate airflow limitation.
Why are long-acting beta agonists
prescribed for COPD? They relieve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, reduce number of
exacerbations, improve QOL.
CHF
Hyperventilation syndrome
Panic attacks
What are some non pulmonary diagnoses
Vocal cord
that result in COPD-type symptoms?
dysfunction
Obstructive sleep apnea
Aspergillosis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Wheezing
Shortness of
What are signal symptoms of asthma?
breath Cough (esp
at night) Chest
tightness
Daily chronic cough w/increased sputum for at least 3 consecutive months in at least
2 consecutive years.
What is chronic bronchitis?
Usually worse on wakening.
May or may not be associated with COPD.
Characterized by obstruction to airflow caused by abnormal airspace enlargement
distal to terminal bronchioles.
What is emphysema?
Chronic inflammation/remodeling, trapping air, hindering effective O2/CO2
exchange (all due to inflammatory mediators infiltrating airways).
Chest pain
What are signal symptoms of
Chest tightness
ischemic heart dz?
Chest discomfort
What is ischemic heart dz? Imbalance between supply and demand for blood flow to myocardium
Cough
Dyspnea
What are signal symptoms of lung CA? Wt loss
Anorexia
Hemoptysis
2/
8
