1|Page
UTMB 5355 EXAM (ACTUAL 2025/2026)STUDY SET-
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS| NEWEST
Transcription - (answer)synthesis of RNA from DNA
Transcription results in - (answer)mRNA
RNA polymerase makes - (answer)mRNA
mRNA - (answer)makes proteins
RNA polymerase - (answer)binds to DNA
Transcription factors (TFs) - (answer)A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and
affects transcription of specific genes. Can wither activate or repress expression
of genes
Termination of transcription - (answer)RNA polymerase reaches a terminator
sequence (Stop codon) and detaches from the template
Translation - (answer)Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is
produced. Protein assembly
Translation takes place in the - (answer)cytoplasm
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Codon - (answer)A specific sequence of three bases on a strand of DNA or RNA
that provides genetic code information for a amino acid
Amino acids are - (answer)building blocks of proteins
tRNA - (answer)An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between
nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and
recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
Codons allow - (answer)for DNA and RNA to communicate
Gene Regulation - (answer)the process of turning genes on and off
Gene Regulation occurs - (answer)during transcription
Transcription factors (TFs) determine - (answer)amount of protein product made
Nucleotide - (answer)DNA subunit; 1 DNA, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogenous base
Mutation - (answer)permanent change in a DNA /RNA sequence that affects
genetic information
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germline mutation - (answer)happens in germ cells, inheritable, in all cells
somatic mutation - (answer)A mutation that occurs in the body cells from
spontaneous development. Cannot be inherited. Acquired
causes of mutations - (answer)• Incorrect copying of the DNA sequence/
Environmental
•Exposure
•Spontaneous
silent mutation - (answer)alters a base but does not change the amino acid
DNA is - (answer)master blueprint for human being
Gene - (answer)the basic unit of inheritance
DNA makes - (answer)proteins
Chromosomes - (answer)threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that
contain the genes
23 pairs of - (answer)chromosomes
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Allele - (answer)variant of a gene
A cell holds how many alleles of each gene? - (answer)2, one from mom and one
from dad
Phenotype - (answer)An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Affected by environment
Genotype - (answer)genetic makeup of an organism
locus - (answer)Location of a gene on a chromosome
Homozygous - (answer)An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous - (answer)An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Recessive - (answer)trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant
form of a trait
Dominant - (answer)An allele that is always expressed
UTMB 5355 EXAM (ACTUAL 2025/2026)STUDY SET-
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS| NEWEST
Transcription - (answer)synthesis of RNA from DNA
Transcription results in - (answer)mRNA
RNA polymerase makes - (answer)mRNA
mRNA - (answer)makes proteins
RNA polymerase - (answer)binds to DNA
Transcription factors (TFs) - (answer)A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and
affects transcription of specific genes. Can wither activate or repress expression
of genes
Termination of transcription - (answer)RNA polymerase reaches a terminator
sequence (Stop codon) and detaches from the template
Translation - (answer)Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is
produced. Protein assembly
Translation takes place in the - (answer)cytoplasm
,2|Page
Codon - (answer)A specific sequence of three bases on a strand of DNA or RNA
that provides genetic code information for a amino acid
Amino acids are - (answer)building blocks of proteins
tRNA - (answer)An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between
nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and
recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
Codons allow - (answer)for DNA and RNA to communicate
Gene Regulation - (answer)the process of turning genes on and off
Gene Regulation occurs - (answer)during transcription
Transcription factors (TFs) determine - (answer)amount of protein product made
Nucleotide - (answer)DNA subunit; 1 DNA, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogenous base
Mutation - (answer)permanent change in a DNA /RNA sequence that affects
genetic information
,3|Page
germline mutation - (answer)happens in germ cells, inheritable, in all cells
somatic mutation - (answer)A mutation that occurs in the body cells from
spontaneous development. Cannot be inherited. Acquired
causes of mutations - (answer)• Incorrect copying of the DNA sequence/
Environmental
•Exposure
•Spontaneous
silent mutation - (answer)alters a base but does not change the amino acid
DNA is - (answer)master blueprint for human being
Gene - (answer)the basic unit of inheritance
DNA makes - (answer)proteins
Chromosomes - (answer)threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that
contain the genes
23 pairs of - (answer)chromosomes
, 4|Page
Allele - (answer)variant of a gene
A cell holds how many alleles of each gene? - (answer)2, one from mom and one
from dad
Phenotype - (answer)An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Affected by environment
Genotype - (answer)genetic makeup of an organism
locus - (answer)Location of a gene on a chromosome
Homozygous - (answer)An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous - (answer)An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Recessive - (answer)trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant
form of a trait
Dominant - (answer)An allele that is always expressed
