3/29/25, 8:38
AM
Science Medicine
NR566 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Terms in this set (129)
biophosphates, hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, exocrine pancreatic enzymes,
drugs affecting the endocrine system
diabetic agents, thyroid and antithyroid agents
hypothalamic pituitary system, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal
endocrine glands glands, bone formation, growth formation, metabolic rate control, carbohydrate c h
o metabolism, blood pressure control
The biological system responsible for the stress response; stress set off a complex
chain of events in the body
-TRH releases TSH
hypothalamic - pituitary system -GNRH releases FSH releases luteinizing hormone
--PRH releases prolactin
-oxytocin
-ADH
regulate metabolic and calcium rate
thyroid and parathyroid glands
-TH, thieroglobulin, parathyroid hormone
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to
produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small
intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin
Pancreas
and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
exocrine: tripcinogen, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase
endocrine: insulin, glucagon
adrenal glands cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, androgens
bone formation parathyroid hormone (pth): calcium, phosphorus
estrogens, androgens, testosterone
growth formation
growth hormone releasing hormone releases GH (somatropin)
metabolic rate control TSH, TH
carbohydrate metabolism insulin, glucagon
blood pressure control cortisol, aldosterone, ADH
what are biophosphates used for osteoporosis and pagets disease
biophosphate drugs alendronate (fosamax), risendronate (actonel)
inhibits osteoclastic activity, increases bone density.
beneficial effects on bone density mass increase rapidly the first year of treatment,
pharmacodynamics of biophosphates
then plateau after 2 to 3 years
significant gastrointestinal and esophageal irritation
significant gastrointestinal and esophageal irritation, strong renal impact (monitor
for renal issues), arthralgia, myalgia, headache, rash, afib
biophosphate ADRs
**monitor for pathological fractures and osteonecrosis of the jaw
biophosphate drug interactions ranitidine doubles alendronate (fosamax) bioavailability
1/
8
, 3/29/25, 8:38
AM
correct prexisting but d deficiency/hypocalcemia prior to therapy
biophosphate rational drug selection
IV used for GI intolerance and bone metastasis
biophosphate high-risk patients whites, asians, hx of eating disorders, long-term steroid or thyroid meds use
biophosphates labs and imaging CBC, CMP, LFTs, bone density scan
alkaline phosphatase levels (bone breakdown), calcium and electrolytes (esp on
biophosphate monotoring
diuretics)
take with a full glass of water in AM on empty stomach, remain upright for 30mins
biophosphate patient education
after taking, no antacids/alcohol, have adequate vit d and calcium intake
Etindronate (-dronate) off-label for pagets disease and heterotropic ossification issues
Raloxifene (Evista) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM), less effective than bisphosphonates
RANKL drugs when combined with estrogen can be effective but puts pt at risk for
receptor activator of nuclear factor- kb
CA
somatropin (genotropin)
-recombinant DNA technology
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
-stimulates the growth and metabolism of nearly every cell in the body
-used for short stature with or without normal GH levels
human growth hormone contraindications contraindicated in patients with closed epiphyseal plates
highly individualized based on child's growth rate and anticipated trajectory of
human growth hormone dosing
genetic height
-initial insulin like effect
human growth hormone
-stimulates growth of linear bones skeletal muscles and organs
pharmacodynamics
-stimulates erythropoietin
human growth hormone administration given IM or Sub q
antibody development, hyperglycemia, edema, hypothyroidism,
HGH ADRs
arthralgia, headache, dizziness, flu-like symptoms
typically not prescribed by nurse practitioner in primary care, prescribed by
HGH drug selection and prescribing endocrinologist
monitor for hepatic and renal function, TSH, glucose, glycol hemoglobin
pancreatic enzymes indications cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, and some bariatric procedures
inactivated by pH values less than four, do not crush or two, sprinkled on food and
pancreatic enzyme pharmacodynamics
powder form, taken immediately before or with a meal.
pancreatic enzymes pharmacokinetics acts locally in the GI tract and is excreted in the feces, made from animal products
pancreatic enzymes precautions antacids decrease effectiveness, decreases absorption of oral iron
pancreatic enzymes ADRs skin irritation, rashes, stomatitis, nausea
products are no bioequivalent, old formulas are no longer FDA approved
pancreatic enzymes rational drug selection -each drug is specified in lipase, protease, and amylase units
-drugs are prescribed in units of lipase
-contraindicated with acute exacerbations of chronic illness
-monitor growth charts, albumin levels, cholesterol, glucose, CBC, iron, levels, and
pancreatic enzyme monitoring
serum uric acid.
-steatorrhea: rates and intensity help to monitor dosing
-do not chew, crush, drink with water
-avoid leaving in mouth
-and tarot coded formulations should not be mixed with alkaline foods prior to
pancreatic enzyme education
ingestion
-with powder spills, wash off skin immediately
-follow specific dietary guidelines
2/
8
AM
Science Medicine
NR566 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Terms in this set (129)
biophosphates, hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, exocrine pancreatic enzymes,
drugs affecting the endocrine system
diabetic agents, thyroid and antithyroid agents
hypothalamic pituitary system, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal
endocrine glands glands, bone formation, growth formation, metabolic rate control, carbohydrate c h
o metabolism, blood pressure control
The biological system responsible for the stress response; stress set off a complex
chain of events in the body
-TRH releases TSH
hypothalamic - pituitary system -GNRH releases FSH releases luteinizing hormone
--PRH releases prolactin
-oxytocin
-ADH
regulate metabolic and calcium rate
thyroid and parathyroid glands
-TH, thieroglobulin, parathyroid hormone
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to
produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small
intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin
Pancreas
and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
exocrine: tripcinogen, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase
endocrine: insulin, glucagon
adrenal glands cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, androgens
bone formation parathyroid hormone (pth): calcium, phosphorus
estrogens, androgens, testosterone
growth formation
growth hormone releasing hormone releases GH (somatropin)
metabolic rate control TSH, TH
carbohydrate metabolism insulin, glucagon
blood pressure control cortisol, aldosterone, ADH
what are biophosphates used for osteoporosis and pagets disease
biophosphate drugs alendronate (fosamax), risendronate (actonel)
inhibits osteoclastic activity, increases bone density.
beneficial effects on bone density mass increase rapidly the first year of treatment,
pharmacodynamics of biophosphates
then plateau after 2 to 3 years
significant gastrointestinal and esophageal irritation
significant gastrointestinal and esophageal irritation, strong renal impact (monitor
for renal issues), arthralgia, myalgia, headache, rash, afib
biophosphate ADRs
**monitor for pathological fractures and osteonecrosis of the jaw
biophosphate drug interactions ranitidine doubles alendronate (fosamax) bioavailability
1/
8
, 3/29/25, 8:38
AM
correct prexisting but d deficiency/hypocalcemia prior to therapy
biophosphate rational drug selection
IV used for GI intolerance and bone metastasis
biophosphate high-risk patients whites, asians, hx of eating disorders, long-term steroid or thyroid meds use
biophosphates labs and imaging CBC, CMP, LFTs, bone density scan
alkaline phosphatase levels (bone breakdown), calcium and electrolytes (esp on
biophosphate monotoring
diuretics)
take with a full glass of water in AM on empty stomach, remain upright for 30mins
biophosphate patient education
after taking, no antacids/alcohol, have adequate vit d and calcium intake
Etindronate (-dronate) off-label for pagets disease and heterotropic ossification issues
Raloxifene (Evista) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM), less effective than bisphosphonates
RANKL drugs when combined with estrogen can be effective but puts pt at risk for
receptor activator of nuclear factor- kb
CA
somatropin (genotropin)
-recombinant DNA technology
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
-stimulates the growth and metabolism of nearly every cell in the body
-used for short stature with or without normal GH levels
human growth hormone contraindications contraindicated in patients with closed epiphyseal plates
highly individualized based on child's growth rate and anticipated trajectory of
human growth hormone dosing
genetic height
-initial insulin like effect
human growth hormone
-stimulates growth of linear bones skeletal muscles and organs
pharmacodynamics
-stimulates erythropoietin
human growth hormone administration given IM or Sub q
antibody development, hyperglycemia, edema, hypothyroidism,
HGH ADRs
arthralgia, headache, dizziness, flu-like symptoms
typically not prescribed by nurse practitioner in primary care, prescribed by
HGH drug selection and prescribing endocrinologist
monitor for hepatic and renal function, TSH, glucose, glycol hemoglobin
pancreatic enzymes indications cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, and some bariatric procedures
inactivated by pH values less than four, do not crush or two, sprinkled on food and
pancreatic enzyme pharmacodynamics
powder form, taken immediately before or with a meal.
pancreatic enzymes pharmacokinetics acts locally in the GI tract and is excreted in the feces, made from animal products
pancreatic enzymes precautions antacids decrease effectiveness, decreases absorption of oral iron
pancreatic enzymes ADRs skin irritation, rashes, stomatitis, nausea
products are no bioequivalent, old formulas are no longer FDA approved
pancreatic enzymes rational drug selection -each drug is specified in lipase, protease, and amylase units
-drugs are prescribed in units of lipase
-contraindicated with acute exacerbations of chronic illness
-monitor growth charts, albumin levels, cholesterol, glucose, CBC, iron, levels, and
pancreatic enzyme monitoring
serum uric acid.
-steatorrhea: rates and intensity help to monitor dosing
-do not chew, crush, drink with water
-avoid leaving in mouth
-and tarot coded formulations should not be mixed with alkaline foods prior to
pancreatic enzyme education
ingestion
-with powder spills, wash off skin immediately
-follow specific dietary guidelines
2/
8
