EPPP BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR STUDY GUIDE
2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Right Hemisphere - ✔✔Involved with perceptual, visuospatial, artistic, musical, and
intuitive activities. The right hemisphere is also associated with the maintenance of body
image, and the comprehension and expression of visual, facial, and verbal emotion.
- Damage to the left hemisphere may result in cognitive abnormalities that include left
side semi-neglect, prosopagnosia, visual-perceptual disturbances, and agnosia for
musical sounds.
- affective abnormalities may include indifference, euphoria, hysteria, depression,
mania, impulsivity, and abnormal sexual behavior.
✔✔Frontal Lobe - ✔✔Occupy largest portion of our brain, about 1/3 of the entire brain.
There are three main division of the frontal lobe:
1. Prefrontal cortex, critical to personality, emotionality, inhibition, planning, initiative,
abstract thinking, judgement, and higher mental functions (cognitive flexibility) that
makes us unique human beings.
2. Premotor area, involved in planning movement,.
3. Motor area instigates voluntary movement .
- Broca's area in located in the left frontal lobe, controls the muscles that produce
speech.
- Damage to the frontal lobe may result in loss of movement of various body parts
(paralysis), changes in personality, emotional lability, perseveration, inattention,
difficulty with problem solving, and inability to express language (Broca's Aphasia).
✔✔The Parietal Lobe - ✔✔Contains primary sensory areas that process
Somatosensory information. Parietal lobe enables us to integrate sensations of touch
such as shape, size, weight, and texture, merging these into three dimensional
experience of objects around us. Also process sensations of pain, heat, proprioception
(ability to sense position, location, and movement of the body).
- Right parietal lobe plays a key role in directing attention, as well as visual and spatial
skills. Left parietal lobe is involved over-learned motor routines and linguistic skills such
as reading, writing, and naming objects.
- Damage often causes by stroke, and may result in inability to name objects (anomia),
inability to write (agraphia), problems with reading (alexia), difficulty doing math
(acalculia), difficulty drawing objects, difficulty distinguishing right from left, lack of
awareness of certain body parts that lead to difficulty with self-care, problems with eye-
hand coordination, and problems with attending to more than one object at a time.
✔✔Gerstmann's Syndrome - ✔✔Lesions of the left parietal lobe, results in four primary
symptoms that include: agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia
(difficulty with recognition).
- People suffering from finger agnosia can't recognize their own fingers as part of their
body.
, ✔✔Temporal Lobes - ✔✔Contains primary auditory cortex. Rests on top, and are
connected to the limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus), which means that it is
also involved in emotional behavior and memory.
- Left temporal lobe is involved in verbal memory and language comprehension
(Wernicke's area). The right temporal lobe is involved in visual memory.
- Damage may result in increased aggressive behavior, increase or decrease in sexual
behavior, interference with memory, and problems understanding speech (Wernicke's
aphasia).
✔✔Occipital Lobes - ✔✔Houses primary visual cortex, and are involved in sight,
reading, and visual images.
- Damage may lead to difficulty recognizing drawn objects, difficulty identifying colors,
hallucinations and illusions, inability to recognize words (word blindness), and problems
with reading and writing.
✔✔Subcortical Brain Areas - ✔✔Tucked into the center of the brain and surrounded by
the cerebral cortex are the subcortical areas. It includes the corpus callosum, the limbic
system, and the basal ganglia.
✔✔Corpus Callosum - ✔✔Bundle of fiber nerves that serves as a bridge between the
left and right hemispheres, making it possible for two hemispheres to communicate.
- Right hemisphere controls left side of the body and sensory experiences on the left
side of the body. And the left hemisphere control the right side of the body. This is true
whether the corpus callosum is intact or not.
- Example, touching something hot with left hand is processed in the right hemisphere.
With an intact corpus callosum, the right hemisphere shares information with the left
hemisphere. The left hemisphere can express that information in language (e.g., saying
"it's hot").
✔✔Split Brain Patients (Regarding corpus callosum ) - ✔✔These patients have had
their corpus callosum severed to reduce epileptic seizures. With a severed corpus
callosum, the right hemisphere still processes the experiences of the left side of the
body, and vice-versa. However, information can no longer be shared with or transferred
to the opposite hemisphere.
- Example, in the classical study of the split-brain patients, the word HEART flashed on
the left, and it was processed on the right side. With severed corpus callosum unable to
share that information with left side (which responsible verbalizing it in language),
patients were unable to say it out loud. On the other hand, if it were flashed in right
visual field, split brain patients would be able to say the word HEART since it would be
processed by the left side, hence where language in controlled.
✔✔Limbic System - ✔✔A set of brain structures that forms inner border of the cortex, is
considered our primitive brain and plays a key role in our survival. Limbic system largely
involved in emotions (fear, anger, pleasure), basic drives (sex, hunger), learning,
olfaction, and memory. The limbic system also influences our autonomic nervous
system and endocrine system.
2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Right Hemisphere - ✔✔Involved with perceptual, visuospatial, artistic, musical, and
intuitive activities. The right hemisphere is also associated with the maintenance of body
image, and the comprehension and expression of visual, facial, and verbal emotion.
- Damage to the left hemisphere may result in cognitive abnormalities that include left
side semi-neglect, prosopagnosia, visual-perceptual disturbances, and agnosia for
musical sounds.
- affective abnormalities may include indifference, euphoria, hysteria, depression,
mania, impulsivity, and abnormal sexual behavior.
✔✔Frontal Lobe - ✔✔Occupy largest portion of our brain, about 1/3 of the entire brain.
There are three main division of the frontal lobe:
1. Prefrontal cortex, critical to personality, emotionality, inhibition, planning, initiative,
abstract thinking, judgement, and higher mental functions (cognitive flexibility) that
makes us unique human beings.
2. Premotor area, involved in planning movement,.
3. Motor area instigates voluntary movement .
- Broca's area in located in the left frontal lobe, controls the muscles that produce
speech.
- Damage to the frontal lobe may result in loss of movement of various body parts
(paralysis), changes in personality, emotional lability, perseveration, inattention,
difficulty with problem solving, and inability to express language (Broca's Aphasia).
✔✔The Parietal Lobe - ✔✔Contains primary sensory areas that process
Somatosensory information. Parietal lobe enables us to integrate sensations of touch
such as shape, size, weight, and texture, merging these into three dimensional
experience of objects around us. Also process sensations of pain, heat, proprioception
(ability to sense position, location, and movement of the body).
- Right parietal lobe plays a key role in directing attention, as well as visual and spatial
skills. Left parietal lobe is involved over-learned motor routines and linguistic skills such
as reading, writing, and naming objects.
- Damage often causes by stroke, and may result in inability to name objects (anomia),
inability to write (agraphia), problems with reading (alexia), difficulty doing math
(acalculia), difficulty drawing objects, difficulty distinguishing right from left, lack of
awareness of certain body parts that lead to difficulty with self-care, problems with eye-
hand coordination, and problems with attending to more than one object at a time.
✔✔Gerstmann's Syndrome - ✔✔Lesions of the left parietal lobe, results in four primary
symptoms that include: agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia
(difficulty with recognition).
- People suffering from finger agnosia can't recognize their own fingers as part of their
body.
, ✔✔Temporal Lobes - ✔✔Contains primary auditory cortex. Rests on top, and are
connected to the limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus), which means that it is
also involved in emotional behavior and memory.
- Left temporal lobe is involved in verbal memory and language comprehension
(Wernicke's area). The right temporal lobe is involved in visual memory.
- Damage may result in increased aggressive behavior, increase or decrease in sexual
behavior, interference with memory, and problems understanding speech (Wernicke's
aphasia).
✔✔Occipital Lobes - ✔✔Houses primary visual cortex, and are involved in sight,
reading, and visual images.
- Damage may lead to difficulty recognizing drawn objects, difficulty identifying colors,
hallucinations and illusions, inability to recognize words (word blindness), and problems
with reading and writing.
✔✔Subcortical Brain Areas - ✔✔Tucked into the center of the brain and surrounded by
the cerebral cortex are the subcortical areas. It includes the corpus callosum, the limbic
system, and the basal ganglia.
✔✔Corpus Callosum - ✔✔Bundle of fiber nerves that serves as a bridge between the
left and right hemispheres, making it possible for two hemispheres to communicate.
- Right hemisphere controls left side of the body and sensory experiences on the left
side of the body. And the left hemisphere control the right side of the body. This is true
whether the corpus callosum is intact or not.
- Example, touching something hot with left hand is processed in the right hemisphere.
With an intact corpus callosum, the right hemisphere shares information with the left
hemisphere. The left hemisphere can express that information in language (e.g., saying
"it's hot").
✔✔Split Brain Patients (Regarding corpus callosum ) - ✔✔These patients have had
their corpus callosum severed to reduce epileptic seizures. With a severed corpus
callosum, the right hemisphere still processes the experiences of the left side of the
body, and vice-versa. However, information can no longer be shared with or transferred
to the opposite hemisphere.
- Example, in the classical study of the split-brain patients, the word HEART flashed on
the left, and it was processed on the right side. With severed corpus callosum unable to
share that information with left side (which responsible verbalizing it in language),
patients were unable to say it out loud. On the other hand, if it were flashed in right
visual field, split brain patients would be able to say the word HEART since it would be
processed by the left side, hence where language in controlled.
✔✔Limbic System - ✔✔A set of brain structures that forms inner border of the cortex, is
considered our primitive brain and plays a key role in our survival. Limbic system largely
involved in emotions (fear, anger, pleasure), basic drives (sex, hunger), learning,
olfaction, and memory. The limbic system also influences our autonomic nervous
system and endocrine system.
