Pathophysiology, Chapter 24-27
Actual Exam 2025 Latest Update A+
Graded And Verified
pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER a renal disease affecting the tubules, interstitial
and pelvis of kidney
cause of acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER bacterial infection
cause of chronic pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER more complex involving not only
bacterial infection but other factors such as reflux
cause of obstruction in renal pelvis - CORRECT ANSWER renal calculi
papillary necrosis
causes of obstruction in ureter - CORRECT ANSWER renal calculi
pregnancy
tumors that compress ureter
ureteral stricture
congenital disorders of ureter-vesical junction & ureter pelvic junction strictures
causes of obstructions in bladder & urethra - CORRECT ANSWER bladder cancer
neurogenic bladder
bladder stones
prostatic hyperplasia or cancer
urethral strictures
congenital urethral defects
true or false hyronephrosis is categorized as a disorder of glomerular function -
CORRECT ANSWER false.
Hydronephritis is caused by a urinary obstruction, so it is considered an obstructi ve
disorder. The glomerulus is not involved.
saturation theory (renal calculi) - CORRECT ANSWER urine is supersaturated with
stone components
matrix theory (renal calculi) - CORRECT ANSWER organic materials act as a nidus for
stone formation
inhibitor theory (renal calculi) - CORRECT ANSWER a deficiency of substances that
inhibit stone formation
, four types of renal calculi - CORRECT ANSWER -calcium stones (oxalate or
phosphate)
-magnesium ammonium phosphate stones
-uric acid stones
-cystine stones
embryonic kidney tumors - CORRECT ANSWER wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
occurs in childhood
renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER adulthood
effects of kidney failure - CORRECT ANSWER less waste is removed-more remains in
blood
-unable to regulate fluid, electrolyte & ph.
-nitrogenous compounds build up in the blood
BUN - CORRECT ANSWER blood urea nitrogen
creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER renal function approximated by: initial creatinine
level/current creatinine level
perennial AKI - CORRECT ANSWER most common
-characterized by decrease in renal blood flow
blood supply decreased
-shock, dehydration, vasoconstriction
post renal AKI - CORRECT ANSWER urine flow blocked
-stones, tumors, enlarged prostate
intrinsic AKI - CORRECT ANSWER kidney tubule function decreased
-ischemia, toxins, intratubular obstruction
acute tubular necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER -sloughing and necrosis of tubular
epithelial cells
-reduces glomerular filtration
-injury & increased intraluminal pressure cause fluid to move from the tubular lumen into
the interstitial (back-leak)
type of acute kidney injury would most likely accompany benign prostatic hypertrophy -
CORRECT ANSWER postrenal
Postrenal AKI occurs when the flow of urine is blocked by kidney stones, tumors, or an
enlarged prostate gland. Because the male urethra passes through the prostate, if it is
enlarged, the urethra may become blocked.
Actual Exam 2025 Latest Update A+
Graded And Verified
pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER a renal disease affecting the tubules, interstitial
and pelvis of kidney
cause of acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER bacterial infection
cause of chronic pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER more complex involving not only
bacterial infection but other factors such as reflux
cause of obstruction in renal pelvis - CORRECT ANSWER renal calculi
papillary necrosis
causes of obstruction in ureter - CORRECT ANSWER renal calculi
pregnancy
tumors that compress ureter
ureteral stricture
congenital disorders of ureter-vesical junction & ureter pelvic junction strictures
causes of obstructions in bladder & urethra - CORRECT ANSWER bladder cancer
neurogenic bladder
bladder stones
prostatic hyperplasia or cancer
urethral strictures
congenital urethral defects
true or false hyronephrosis is categorized as a disorder of glomerular function -
CORRECT ANSWER false.
Hydronephritis is caused by a urinary obstruction, so it is considered an obstructi ve
disorder. The glomerulus is not involved.
saturation theory (renal calculi) - CORRECT ANSWER urine is supersaturated with
stone components
matrix theory (renal calculi) - CORRECT ANSWER organic materials act as a nidus for
stone formation
inhibitor theory (renal calculi) - CORRECT ANSWER a deficiency of substances that
inhibit stone formation
, four types of renal calculi - CORRECT ANSWER -calcium stones (oxalate or
phosphate)
-magnesium ammonium phosphate stones
-uric acid stones
-cystine stones
embryonic kidney tumors - CORRECT ANSWER wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
occurs in childhood
renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER adulthood
effects of kidney failure - CORRECT ANSWER less waste is removed-more remains in
blood
-unable to regulate fluid, electrolyte & ph.
-nitrogenous compounds build up in the blood
BUN - CORRECT ANSWER blood urea nitrogen
creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER renal function approximated by: initial creatinine
level/current creatinine level
perennial AKI - CORRECT ANSWER most common
-characterized by decrease in renal blood flow
blood supply decreased
-shock, dehydration, vasoconstriction
post renal AKI - CORRECT ANSWER urine flow blocked
-stones, tumors, enlarged prostate
intrinsic AKI - CORRECT ANSWER kidney tubule function decreased
-ischemia, toxins, intratubular obstruction
acute tubular necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER -sloughing and necrosis of tubular
epithelial cells
-reduces glomerular filtration
-injury & increased intraluminal pressure cause fluid to move from the tubular lumen into
the interstitial (back-leak)
type of acute kidney injury would most likely accompany benign prostatic hypertrophy -
CORRECT ANSWER postrenal
Postrenal AKI occurs when the flow of urine is blocked by kidney stones, tumors, or an
enlarged prostate gland. Because the male urethra passes through the prostate, if it is
enlarged, the urethra may become blocked.
