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NR283 FINAL EXAM WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2024 –
2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
Pathophysiology - (answers)the study of how disease processes affect the
function of the body at a cellular level
homeostasis - (answers)bodies desire to reach balance, things are always
changing in our body, negative feedback loops
Etiology - (answers)cause of disease, where does it come from
Idiopathic - (answers)unknown cause
Pathogenesis - (answers)development of disease
cell cycle - (answers)cell is born, replication (mitosis), replicate, DNA tells cells to
die (apoptosis) - all determined by nucleus
mitosis - (answers)parent cell splits and make 2 identical daughter cells
meiosis - (answers)sex cells, get half of chromosomes (23)
stem cells - (answers)live in red bone marrow, blank canvas cells -
undifferentiated, have no job, differentiation is the process of the cell becoming
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specialized (having a job), stem cells have only choice to become blood cells,
cancer is undifferentiated cells in body BESIDES in bone marrow
osmosis - (answers)-inside cell have water and some solutes
-outside of cell have some solutes and water
-WATER moving
-water is crossing a semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient. It
is not the lack of water that makes water cross over.
-osmosis happens because of osmotic pressure (the attraction force, the pull
force, determined by how strong the solutes are on one side of the membrane
pulls water over)
-sodium is big water attractor
-albumin (protein) attracted to water
-when you don't have a lot of albumin in Blood stream, then osmotic pressure will
be low.
-do not require energy - passive
diffusion - (answers)-solutes
-more on one side, so go on other side
-balance things out
-do not require energy - passive
energy - (answers)Plan A: need glucose and oxygen, aerobic glycolysis or
phosphorylation. Krebs cycle: in mitochondria, a lot of ATP and no byproduct.
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Plan B: anaerobic (no oxygen) glycolysis, glucose. Still go through krebs cycle and
outcome is 2 ATP and get a byproduct of pyruvic acid. Cant stay her forever - has
to be temporary.
sodium/potassium pump - (answers)active process, need energy to make this
happen. Lives on the surface of every cell in our body so body can send electrical
and chemical messages to other cells. Sodium is outside of cell and potassium is
inside the cell -. imbalance, tension results which creates resting potential. The
pump works against diffusion and homeostasis. Action potential strikes cell
membrane and solutes rapidly swap places (potassium goes to outside, sodium
floods inside of cell), this is okay for a brief time, since water follow salt and the
cell will burst and die. So the pump now kicks everyone back - need ATP.
Atrophy - (answers)decrease in cell size. Ex: shrinkage of skeletal muscle that
occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for several weeks.
Dysplasia - (answers)concerning, cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei present,
rate of mitosis is increased. Precancerous. Ex: Pap smear tests for this on cervical
cells.
Hyperplasia - (answers)increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue
mass. Ex: uterine enlargement in pregnancy or benign tumor
Metaplasia - (answers)when one mature cell type is replaced by a different
mature cell type. ex: callus or change in respiratory tracts in cigarette smokers.
, 4|Page
Anaplasia - (answers)full on cancer, refers to cells that are undifferentiated with
variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures. Ex: malignant
tumors
Hypoxia - (answers)reduced oxygen in the TISSUE.
-interferes with ATP production in the cell, leading to loss of sodium pump out the
cell membrane as well as loss of cell functions.
hypoxemia - (answers)reduced oxygen in BLOOD, which will also result in hypoxia
Ischemia - (answers)blockage that impedes blood flow
Necrosis - (answers)explosive death, when the injury is so severe nucleus doesn't
have time to do apoptosis, rapidly dying cells. Unplanned, messy, cell membrane
is broken, damages surrounding cells, start to become cell lysis - breaking down
Apoptosis - (answers)programmed cell death, a normal occurrence, cell
membrane intact, performs auto-digestion, lysosome release acidic enzymes
inside cell, hurts no surrounding cells
Gangrene - (answers)infection of necrotic tissue
hydrostatic pressure - (answers)the push force within a blood vessel, think blood
pressure, pressure inside of blood vessels, if we have increased hydrostatic
NR283 FINAL EXAM WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2024 –
2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
Pathophysiology - (answers)the study of how disease processes affect the
function of the body at a cellular level
homeostasis - (answers)bodies desire to reach balance, things are always
changing in our body, negative feedback loops
Etiology - (answers)cause of disease, where does it come from
Idiopathic - (answers)unknown cause
Pathogenesis - (answers)development of disease
cell cycle - (answers)cell is born, replication (mitosis), replicate, DNA tells cells to
die (apoptosis) - all determined by nucleus
mitosis - (answers)parent cell splits and make 2 identical daughter cells
meiosis - (answers)sex cells, get half of chromosomes (23)
stem cells - (answers)live in red bone marrow, blank canvas cells -
undifferentiated, have no job, differentiation is the process of the cell becoming
,2|Page
specialized (having a job), stem cells have only choice to become blood cells,
cancer is undifferentiated cells in body BESIDES in bone marrow
osmosis - (answers)-inside cell have water and some solutes
-outside of cell have some solutes and water
-WATER moving
-water is crossing a semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient. It
is not the lack of water that makes water cross over.
-osmosis happens because of osmotic pressure (the attraction force, the pull
force, determined by how strong the solutes are on one side of the membrane
pulls water over)
-sodium is big water attractor
-albumin (protein) attracted to water
-when you don't have a lot of albumin in Blood stream, then osmotic pressure will
be low.
-do not require energy - passive
diffusion - (answers)-solutes
-more on one side, so go on other side
-balance things out
-do not require energy - passive
energy - (answers)Plan A: need glucose and oxygen, aerobic glycolysis or
phosphorylation. Krebs cycle: in mitochondria, a lot of ATP and no byproduct.
,3|Page
Plan B: anaerobic (no oxygen) glycolysis, glucose. Still go through krebs cycle and
outcome is 2 ATP and get a byproduct of pyruvic acid. Cant stay her forever - has
to be temporary.
sodium/potassium pump - (answers)active process, need energy to make this
happen. Lives on the surface of every cell in our body so body can send electrical
and chemical messages to other cells. Sodium is outside of cell and potassium is
inside the cell -. imbalance, tension results which creates resting potential. The
pump works against diffusion and homeostasis. Action potential strikes cell
membrane and solutes rapidly swap places (potassium goes to outside, sodium
floods inside of cell), this is okay for a brief time, since water follow salt and the
cell will burst and die. So the pump now kicks everyone back - need ATP.
Atrophy - (answers)decrease in cell size. Ex: shrinkage of skeletal muscle that
occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for several weeks.
Dysplasia - (answers)concerning, cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei present,
rate of mitosis is increased. Precancerous. Ex: Pap smear tests for this on cervical
cells.
Hyperplasia - (answers)increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue
mass. Ex: uterine enlargement in pregnancy or benign tumor
Metaplasia - (answers)when one mature cell type is replaced by a different
mature cell type. ex: callus or change in respiratory tracts in cigarette smokers.
, 4|Page
Anaplasia - (answers)full on cancer, refers to cells that are undifferentiated with
variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures. Ex: malignant
tumors
Hypoxia - (answers)reduced oxygen in the TISSUE.
-interferes with ATP production in the cell, leading to loss of sodium pump out the
cell membrane as well as loss of cell functions.
hypoxemia - (answers)reduced oxygen in BLOOD, which will also result in hypoxia
Ischemia - (answers)blockage that impedes blood flow
Necrosis - (answers)explosive death, when the injury is so severe nucleus doesn't
have time to do apoptosis, rapidly dying cells. Unplanned, messy, cell membrane
is broken, damages surrounding cells, start to become cell lysis - breaking down
Apoptosis - (answers)programmed cell death, a normal occurrence, cell
membrane intact, performs auto-digestion, lysosome release acidic enzymes
inside cell, hurts no surrounding cells
Gangrene - (answers)infection of necrotic tissue
hydrostatic pressure - (answers)the push force within a blood vessel, think blood
pressure, pressure inside of blood vessels, if we have increased hydrostatic
