AQA GCSE Biology 4.5 - Homeostasis
and response
... lenses are used to treat hyperopia - ANS-Convex
\... lenses are used to treat myopia - ANS-Concave
\Abstaining - ANS-not having sexual intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct
\Accommodation - ANS-The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or
distant objects
\Adaptation to bright light - ANS-CiCD (psyched)
Circular muscles contract
Radial muscles relax
Pupil constricts
Less light enters the eye
\Adaptation to dim light - ANS-CiReD
Circular muscles relax
Radial muscles contract
Pupil Dilates (Dim)
More light enters the eye
\Adrenal glands - ANS-two glands on the kidneys that produce the hormone adrenaline that
is involved in flight or fight
\Adrenaline - ANS-A hormone released from the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress. It
increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and
muscles, preparing the body for 'fight or flight'.
\Basal metabolic rate - ANS-The rate of metabolism in the body
\Blood water levels - ANS-the amount of water in the blood, this needs to be kept constant
\Body temperature - ANS-37 degrees centigrade
\Cerebellum - ANS-Coordinating muscular activity, balance
\Cerebral cortex - ANS-Memory, conscious thought, language and intelligence
\Ciliary muscles - ANS-Relaxe and contract to alter the thickness of the lens and so focus
the light
\CNS (Central Nervous System) - ANS-Brain and spinal cord
\Condom - ANS-Physical barrier prevents sperm from reaching the egg
\Contraception - ANS-Any method that stops someone becoming pregnant. It can be
hormonal or non-hormonal
\Coordination centre - ANS-Recieves and processes information from receptors (this
includes the brain, spinal cord and pancreas)
\Cornea - ANS-Transparent area of sclera which allows light rays inside and refracts them
\Crenation - ANS-Shrinking an animal cell by osmosis
\Describe how the 4 hormones in the menstrual cycle interact (4 stages, 9 points) - ANS-1. -
FSH causes an egg to mature in the ovaries
- causes oestrogen to be released from ovaries
2. - Oestrogen causes uterine lining to thicken
- stimulates pituitary gland to release LH
- inhibits further production of FSH
3. - LH stimulates ovulation
, - stimulates production of progesterone at ovaries
4. - Progesterone maintains thick uterus lining
- inhibits LH + FSH
\Describe the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle (in terms of the uterine lining). - ANS-1. The
lining breaks down (days 1 - 4)
2. The lining gets thicker (days 9 - 14)
3. Ovulation (day 14)
4. The lining stays thick (days 15 - 28)
\Describe the endocrine system - ANS-1. Glands secrete chemicals directly into the
bloodstream
2. The blood carries the hormones to a target area where it produces an affect
3. Compared to the nervous system the effects are slower but last for longer
\Describe what happens in the nervous system. - ANS-1. Information passes along neurones
(cells) as electrical impulses
2. To the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
3. CNS coordinates response of effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands
secreting hormones
\Diaphragm - ANS-a rubber dome placed on the cervix that stops sperm from reaching the
uterus
\Effectors - ANS-Muscles and glands which bring about responses that restore optimum
levels
\Enzymes - ANS-proteins that speed up chemical reactions and act as biological catalysts
\Factors affecting reaction time - ANS-age, gender, drugs e.g. caffeine
\Fertility drugs - ANS-a drug containing LH and FSH which is given to women to make them
mature and release more eggs
\Flight or fight - ANS-A response caused by adrenaline that causes muscles to get ready to
either run away from danger or to fight it off
\FSH - ANS-Follicle stimulating hormone causes maturation of the egg in the ovary. Also
stimulates the ovaries to produce other hormones. It is produced by the pituitary gland.
\Glucagon - ANS-A hormone released by the pancreas when the blood sugar levels are too
LOW, it causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood
\Glucose - ANS-the sugar needed for respiration. It is carried in the blood
\Glycogen - ANS-this is how glucose is stored in the liver and muscles
\Homeostasis - ANS-The regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain
optimum function in response to internal and external changes
\Hormonal contraception - ANS-a method of contraception that involves hormone injections,
pills, patches or implants
\Hormone - ANS-a chemical messenger that is produced in a gland and travels in the blood
to a target organ
\How are water levels controlled? - ANS-By negative feedback
\How can someone be treated for lack of ovulation? - ANS-Take FSH and LH
\How can you measure factors affecting reflexes? - ANS-Drop a ruler and see where they
catch it, repeating and taking a mean. Drink a caffeinated drink, wait 10 mins and repeat
experiment. compare results.
\How do the kidneys produce urine? - ANS-Filtration of the blood and selective reabsorption
of useful substances
\How does the eye focus on a distant object? - ANS-Relt thiw
Ciliary muscles RELAX
and response
... lenses are used to treat hyperopia - ANS-Convex
\... lenses are used to treat myopia - ANS-Concave
\Abstaining - ANS-not having sexual intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct
\Accommodation - ANS-The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or
distant objects
\Adaptation to bright light - ANS-CiCD (psyched)
Circular muscles contract
Radial muscles relax
Pupil constricts
Less light enters the eye
\Adaptation to dim light - ANS-CiReD
Circular muscles relax
Radial muscles contract
Pupil Dilates (Dim)
More light enters the eye
\Adrenal glands - ANS-two glands on the kidneys that produce the hormone adrenaline that
is involved in flight or fight
\Adrenaline - ANS-A hormone released from the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress. It
increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and
muscles, preparing the body for 'fight or flight'.
\Basal metabolic rate - ANS-The rate of metabolism in the body
\Blood water levels - ANS-the amount of water in the blood, this needs to be kept constant
\Body temperature - ANS-37 degrees centigrade
\Cerebellum - ANS-Coordinating muscular activity, balance
\Cerebral cortex - ANS-Memory, conscious thought, language and intelligence
\Ciliary muscles - ANS-Relaxe and contract to alter the thickness of the lens and so focus
the light
\CNS (Central Nervous System) - ANS-Brain and spinal cord
\Condom - ANS-Physical barrier prevents sperm from reaching the egg
\Contraception - ANS-Any method that stops someone becoming pregnant. It can be
hormonal or non-hormonal
\Coordination centre - ANS-Recieves and processes information from receptors (this
includes the brain, spinal cord and pancreas)
\Cornea - ANS-Transparent area of sclera which allows light rays inside and refracts them
\Crenation - ANS-Shrinking an animal cell by osmosis
\Describe how the 4 hormones in the menstrual cycle interact (4 stages, 9 points) - ANS-1. -
FSH causes an egg to mature in the ovaries
- causes oestrogen to be released from ovaries
2. - Oestrogen causes uterine lining to thicken
- stimulates pituitary gland to release LH
- inhibits further production of FSH
3. - LH stimulates ovulation
, - stimulates production of progesterone at ovaries
4. - Progesterone maintains thick uterus lining
- inhibits LH + FSH
\Describe the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle (in terms of the uterine lining). - ANS-1. The
lining breaks down (days 1 - 4)
2. The lining gets thicker (days 9 - 14)
3. Ovulation (day 14)
4. The lining stays thick (days 15 - 28)
\Describe the endocrine system - ANS-1. Glands secrete chemicals directly into the
bloodstream
2. The blood carries the hormones to a target area where it produces an affect
3. Compared to the nervous system the effects are slower but last for longer
\Describe what happens in the nervous system. - ANS-1. Information passes along neurones
(cells) as electrical impulses
2. To the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
3. CNS coordinates response of effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands
secreting hormones
\Diaphragm - ANS-a rubber dome placed on the cervix that stops sperm from reaching the
uterus
\Effectors - ANS-Muscles and glands which bring about responses that restore optimum
levels
\Enzymes - ANS-proteins that speed up chemical reactions and act as biological catalysts
\Factors affecting reaction time - ANS-age, gender, drugs e.g. caffeine
\Fertility drugs - ANS-a drug containing LH and FSH which is given to women to make them
mature and release more eggs
\Flight or fight - ANS-A response caused by adrenaline that causes muscles to get ready to
either run away from danger or to fight it off
\FSH - ANS-Follicle stimulating hormone causes maturation of the egg in the ovary. Also
stimulates the ovaries to produce other hormones. It is produced by the pituitary gland.
\Glucagon - ANS-A hormone released by the pancreas when the blood sugar levels are too
LOW, it causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood
\Glucose - ANS-the sugar needed for respiration. It is carried in the blood
\Glycogen - ANS-this is how glucose is stored in the liver and muscles
\Homeostasis - ANS-The regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain
optimum function in response to internal and external changes
\Hormonal contraception - ANS-a method of contraception that involves hormone injections,
pills, patches or implants
\Hormone - ANS-a chemical messenger that is produced in a gland and travels in the blood
to a target organ
\How are water levels controlled? - ANS-By negative feedback
\How can someone be treated for lack of ovulation? - ANS-Take FSH and LH
\How can you measure factors affecting reflexes? - ANS-Drop a ruler and see where they
catch it, repeating and taking a mean. Drink a caffeinated drink, wait 10 mins and repeat
experiment. compare results.
\How do the kidneys produce urine? - ANS-Filtration of the blood and selective reabsorption
of useful substances
\How does the eye focus on a distant object? - ANS-Relt thiw
Ciliary muscles RELAX
