1|Page
CASAL II OA 2025 update|comprehensive questions
and verified answers (complete solutions)
Exam|GRADE A+!!
SA node - (answers)pacemaker, 60-100bpm,Depolarization R atria, p wave,
AV node - (answers)Gatekeeper, intraseptal, Allows delay for blood so no back up,
40-60 bpm
Bundle of His - (answers)Intraventricular, 40-60bpm, sends to purkinje fibers for
ventricular depolarization
L and R bundle branches - (answers)20-40bpm,
Purkinje fibers - (answers)20-40bpm, ventricular depolarization (QRS) complex
Preload - (answers)LVEDP determined by LVEDV
Afterload - (answers)Vascular resistance
Cardiac output = - (answers)heart rate x stroke volume
Normal QRS complex - (answers)0.06-0.12 sec. (1.5-3 small boxes)
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P wave - (answers)atrial depolarization
QRS complex - (answers)ventricular depolarization
T wave - (answers)ventricular repolarization
U wave - (answers)hypokalemia, depolarization purkinje fibers
A Fib on EKG - (answers)1. P waves? No
2. P waves regular? U/A to determine
3. R waves regular? No irregular
4. How many R waves in 6 sec?
5. PR interval length? No, no p waves
Saw tooth
No p waves
R waves irregular
Stroke volume - (answers)the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with
each heartbeat
Cardiac output - (answers)Amount of blood pumped through body per min
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3 things that affect stroke volume - (answers)preload, afterload, contractility
What increases vascular resistance - (answers)pHTN (R❤ ),
vasoconstriction/HTN (L❤ ), aortic stenosis (L ventricle)
What can decrease afterload - (answers)Vasodilation
Sympathomemetics/ adrenergic agonist - (answers)Dopamine ⬆ BP & CO
norepinephrine ⬆ BP
epinephrine ⬆ Bronchodilation
beta 2 adrenergic agonist -inhaled for cold/asthma albuterol (short)
solmedrol (long)
Sympatholytic/ andrenergic antagonist - (answers)Beta blockers ⬇ HR, ⬇ BP,
constrict airway
Parasympatholytic/anticholenergic - (answers)Airway: Ipratropium bronchodilator
HR: Atropine ⬆ HR or dilate pupils
nonselective beta blockers
beta 1 ❤ Kidneys
beta 2 lungs, GI, vascular muscle, skeletal - (answers)propranolol, timolol, nadolol,
pindolol, carvidolol
, 4|Page
Nursing implications non selective Beta blocker - (answers)Not for: COPD, asthma,
PVD
Selective Beta blockers - (answers)Atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol
beta 1 found in ❤ And kidneys-blocks RAAS
Beta blockers treat - (answers)HTN, stable angina, dysthymia (SVT, tachy),
compensated heart failure, glaucoma, migraines, tremors, anxiety
Monitor with beta blockers - (answers)-Bradycardia-check physician desired -
parameters
-EKG-heart block 2nd and 3rd degree
-watch for S&S ❤ Failure don't want contraction to get too weak
-monitor BG masks ⬆ HR of hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia
-ortho htn
- circulation impairment
-OD S&S bradycardia, lethargic, ❤ Block, hypotension
Teach pt with beta blockers - (answers)Bradycardia
❤ Failure exacerbation
taper off-rebound htn/angina
ortho htn
CASAL II OA 2025 update|comprehensive questions
and verified answers (complete solutions)
Exam|GRADE A+!!
SA node - (answers)pacemaker, 60-100bpm,Depolarization R atria, p wave,
AV node - (answers)Gatekeeper, intraseptal, Allows delay for blood so no back up,
40-60 bpm
Bundle of His - (answers)Intraventricular, 40-60bpm, sends to purkinje fibers for
ventricular depolarization
L and R bundle branches - (answers)20-40bpm,
Purkinje fibers - (answers)20-40bpm, ventricular depolarization (QRS) complex
Preload - (answers)LVEDP determined by LVEDV
Afterload - (answers)Vascular resistance
Cardiac output = - (answers)heart rate x stroke volume
Normal QRS complex - (answers)0.06-0.12 sec. (1.5-3 small boxes)
,2|Page
P wave - (answers)atrial depolarization
QRS complex - (answers)ventricular depolarization
T wave - (answers)ventricular repolarization
U wave - (answers)hypokalemia, depolarization purkinje fibers
A Fib on EKG - (answers)1. P waves? No
2. P waves regular? U/A to determine
3. R waves regular? No irregular
4. How many R waves in 6 sec?
5. PR interval length? No, no p waves
Saw tooth
No p waves
R waves irregular
Stroke volume - (answers)the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with
each heartbeat
Cardiac output - (answers)Amount of blood pumped through body per min
,3|Page
3 things that affect stroke volume - (answers)preload, afterload, contractility
What increases vascular resistance - (answers)pHTN (R❤ ),
vasoconstriction/HTN (L❤ ), aortic stenosis (L ventricle)
What can decrease afterload - (answers)Vasodilation
Sympathomemetics/ adrenergic agonist - (answers)Dopamine ⬆ BP & CO
norepinephrine ⬆ BP
epinephrine ⬆ Bronchodilation
beta 2 adrenergic agonist -inhaled for cold/asthma albuterol (short)
solmedrol (long)
Sympatholytic/ andrenergic antagonist - (answers)Beta blockers ⬇ HR, ⬇ BP,
constrict airway
Parasympatholytic/anticholenergic - (answers)Airway: Ipratropium bronchodilator
HR: Atropine ⬆ HR or dilate pupils
nonselective beta blockers
beta 1 ❤ Kidneys
beta 2 lungs, GI, vascular muscle, skeletal - (answers)propranolol, timolol, nadolol,
pindolol, carvidolol
, 4|Page
Nursing implications non selective Beta blocker - (answers)Not for: COPD, asthma,
PVD
Selective Beta blockers - (answers)Atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol
beta 1 found in ❤ And kidneys-blocks RAAS
Beta blockers treat - (answers)HTN, stable angina, dysthymia (SVT, tachy),
compensated heart failure, glaucoma, migraines, tremors, anxiety
Monitor with beta blockers - (answers)-Bradycardia-check physician desired -
parameters
-EKG-heart block 2nd and 3rd degree
-watch for S&S ❤ Failure don't want contraction to get too weak
-monitor BG masks ⬆ HR of hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia
-ortho htn
- circulation impairment
-OD S&S bradycardia, lethargic, ❤ Block, hypotension
Teach pt with beta blockers - (answers)Bradycardia
❤ Failure exacerbation
taper off-rebound htn/angina
ortho htn
