HIST241 Final Exam
German soldiers being cheered in Lübeck
during their advance to the front lines in
1914
- 'Spirit of 1914'
Cartoon from 1914
Who caused WWI?
- Free or self-willed migration, many volunteered. Others were conscripted and
werebound labour migrants
- Unique spirit of unity and enthusiasm
- Spirit is a myth, propagated by governments
- Determination, duty, scepticism, apathy, foot-dragging, pacifism
'Spirit of 1914' - Social and urban differences: 'jubilations' in big cities by conservative middle classand
students/rallies against German opponents; but only a minority of the city pop.
took part
- Vs. working class, women, small cities and villages, esp. concerns and fear
inagriculture
- New international expansionist German policy
- Change in the power balance btw economic powers
- Conflicts btw colonial powers in Africa and Asia
What factors lead to the outbreak of WWI?
- Rivalry btw France and Germany
(6)
- Rivalry btw Russia and Austria-Hungary
- Non-European countries like the US and Japan rising to the rank of world powers
- Volunteered in free or self-willed manner
- Conscripted as bound migrants
- Forced labour migrants from Asia and Africa
Migration in WWI (5)
- POW: forced labour migrants
- Involuntary migrants and refugees
- Armenian genocide
- Expulsion of Muslim from the Balkans
Minorities in WWI (4) - Third wave of pogroms
- Belgian labourers in Germany
1. 1914: war of movement, Schlieffen plan through neutral Belgium; Germans
werestopped early in France and Russia
2. 1915-1916: war of attrition (level of violence never before seen), new
weapons(grenades, tanks, toxic gas, etc.), battle in the Western trenches. 1917: US
entry into the war, Russia out
Three phases of WWI
3. 1918 and aftermath: Russia signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the
CentralPowers, yielding large territories; Germany concentrated their forces on the
Western front, but with military and economic exhaustion. Surrender in Nov. 1918.
10 million people displaced.
1/4
German soldiers being cheered in Lübeck
during their advance to the front lines in
1914
- 'Spirit of 1914'
Cartoon from 1914
Who caused WWI?
- Free or self-willed migration, many volunteered. Others were conscripted and
werebound labour migrants
- Unique spirit of unity and enthusiasm
- Spirit is a myth, propagated by governments
- Determination, duty, scepticism, apathy, foot-dragging, pacifism
'Spirit of 1914' - Social and urban differences: 'jubilations' in big cities by conservative middle classand
students/rallies against German opponents; but only a minority of the city pop.
took part
- Vs. working class, women, small cities and villages, esp. concerns and fear
inagriculture
- New international expansionist German policy
- Change in the power balance btw economic powers
- Conflicts btw colonial powers in Africa and Asia
What factors lead to the outbreak of WWI?
- Rivalry btw France and Germany
(6)
- Rivalry btw Russia and Austria-Hungary
- Non-European countries like the US and Japan rising to the rank of world powers
- Volunteered in free or self-willed manner
- Conscripted as bound migrants
- Forced labour migrants from Asia and Africa
Migration in WWI (5)
- POW: forced labour migrants
- Involuntary migrants and refugees
- Armenian genocide
- Expulsion of Muslim from the Balkans
Minorities in WWI (4) - Third wave of pogroms
- Belgian labourers in Germany
1. 1914: war of movement, Schlieffen plan through neutral Belgium; Germans
werestopped early in France and Russia
2. 1915-1916: war of attrition (level of violence never before seen), new
weapons(grenades, tanks, toxic gas, etc.), battle in the Western trenches. 1917: US
entry into the war, Russia out
Three phases of WWI
3. 1918 and aftermath: Russia signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the
CentralPowers, yielding large territories; Germany concentrated their forces on the
Western front, but with military and economic exhaustion. Surrender in Nov. 1918.
10 million people displaced.
1/4
