CASAL II OA Exam with Questions and
Correct Answers 2025
SA ,node ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-pacemaker, ,60-100bpm,Depolarization ,R ,atria, ,p
,wave,
AV ,node ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Gatekeeper, ,intraseptal, ,Allows ,delay ,for ,blood ,so
,no ,back ,up, ,40-60 ,bpm
Bundle ,of ,His ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Intraventricular, ,40-60bpm, ,sends ,to ,purkinje
,fibers ,for ,ventricular ,depolarization
L ,and ,R ,bundle ,branches ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-20-40bpm,
Purkinje ,fibers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-20-40bpm, ,ventricular ,depolarization ,(QRS)
,complex
Preload ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-LVEDP ,determined ,by ,LVEDV
Afterload ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Vascular ,resistance
Cardiac ,output ,= ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-heart ,rate ,x ,stroke ,volume
Normal ,QRS ,complex ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-0.06-0.12 ,sec. ,(1.5-3 ,small ,boxes)
P ,wave ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-atrial ,depolarization
QRS ,complex ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-ventricular ,depolarization
T ,wave ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-ventricular ,repolarization
U ,wave ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-hypokalemia, ,depolarization ,purkinje ,fibers
A ,Fib ,on ,EKG ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-1. ,P ,waves? ,No
2. ,P ,waves ,regular? ,U/A ,to ,determine ,
3. ,R ,waves ,regular? ,No ,irregular ,
,4. ,How ,many ,R ,waves ,in ,6 ,sec? ,
5. ,PR ,interval ,length? ,No, ,no ,p ,waves
,Saw ,tooth
,No ,p ,waves ,
,R ,waves ,irregular
Stroke ,volume ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-the ,volume ,of ,blood ,pumped ,out ,by ,a ,ventricle
,with ,each ,heartbeat
Cardiac ,output ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Amount ,of ,blood ,pumped ,through ,body ,per
,min
3 ,things ,that ,affect ,stroke ,volume ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-preload, ,afterload,
,contractility
What ,increases ,vascular ,resistance ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-pHTN ,(R❤ ),
,vasoconstriction/HTN ,(L❤ ), ,aortic ,stenosis ,(L ,ventricle)
What ,can ,decrease ,afterload ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Vasodilation
Sympathomemetics/ ,adrenergic ,agonist ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Dopamine ,⬆ ,BP ,&
,CO
norepinephrine ,⬆ ,BP
epinephrine ,⬆ Bronchodilation ,
beta ,2 ,adrenergic ,agonist ,-inhaled ,for ,cold/asthma ,albuterol ,(short)
solmedrol ,(long)
Sympatholytic/ ,andrenergic ,antagonist ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Beta ,blockers ,⬇ ,HR,
,⬇ BP, ,constrict ,airway
Parasympatholytic/anticholenergic ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Airway: ,Ipratropium
,bronchodilator
HR: ,Atropine ,⬆ HR ,or ,dilate ,pupils
nonselective ,beta ,blockers
beta ,1 ,❤ ,Kidneys
beta ,2 ,lungs, ,GI, ,vascular ,muscle, ,skeletal ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-propranolol,
,timolol, ,nadolol, ,pindolol, ,carvidolol
Nursing ,implications ,non ,selective ,Beta ,blocker ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Not ,for:
,COPD, ,asthma, ,PVD
Selective ,Beta ,blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Atenolol, ,esmolol, ,metoprolol ,
beta ,1 ,found ,in ,❤ ,And ,kidneys-blocks ,RAAS
,Beta ,blockers ,treat ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-HTN, ,stable ,angina, ,dysthymia ,(SVT,
,tachy), ,compensated ,heart ,failure, ,glaucoma, ,migraines, ,tremors, ,anxiety
Monitor ,with ,beta ,blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER--Bradycardia-check ,physician
,desired ,-parameters
-EKG-heart ,block ,2nd ,and ,3rd ,degree
-watch ,for ,S&S ,❤ ,Failure ,don't ,want ,contraction ,to ,get ,too ,weak
-monitor ,BG ,masks ,⬆ HR ,of ,hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia ,
-ortho ,htn
- ,circulation ,impairment ,
-OD ,S&S ,bradycardia, ,lethargic, ,❤ ,Block, ,hypotension
Teach ,pt ,with ,beta ,blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Bradycardia
❤ ,Failure ,exacerbation
taper ,off-rebound ,htn/angina
ortho ,htn
know ,OD ,S&S
blood ,glucose ,w/non ,selective
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-blocks ,L ,type ,channels ,in:
vascular ,smooth ,muscle
cardiac ,myocytes
cardiac ,nodal ,tissue ,(SA ,& ,AV ,nodual ,tissue)
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers ,(vascular ,selective) ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-
Dihydropyridines: ,"Pines"
amlodipine, ,felodipine, ,nifedipine
Mainly ,for ,HTN ,and ,angina
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers-effects ,on ,vascular ,smooth ,muscle ,- ,CORRECT
,ANSWER-coronary ,and ,peripheral ,arteries:
Vasodilation: ,decrease ,BP, ,relax ,coronary ,arteries, ,decrease ,SVR ,= ,decrease
,afterload
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers-effects ,on ,myocytes ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-decrease
,heart ,contraction ,strength ,(- ,inrotropic ,effect)
decrease ,O2 ,demand ,
Treats ,angina-NOT ,for ,heart ,failure ,pt
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers- ,effects ,on ,cardiac ,nodal ,tissue ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-SA
,node- ,decrease ,heart ,rate ,(neg ,chronotropic ,effect)
AV ,node- ,speed ,up ,conduction ,(positive ,dromotrophic)
treats ,arrhythmia: ,SVTs, ,Afib
Myocardial ,Selective ,Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Non-
Dihydropyridines ,
, phenlalkylamines-Verapamil
benzothiazepine- ,Diltiasem
mainly ,for ,anti-arrhythmic ,htn/angina
Misc. ,treatment ,with ,Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Rhanud's
migraines
cerebral ,spasms
Nursing ,Implications ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-*monitor ,for ,bradycardia ,especially
,Verapamil ,& ,Diltiazem
*monitor ,EKG ,for ,1st ,degree ,especially ,for ,Verapamil ,& ,Diltiazem
*Never ,give ,verapamil/Diltiazem ,with ,2nd ,or ,3rd ,degree ,HB
*monitor ,S&S ,heart ,failure ,(dyspnea, ,weight ,gain, ,crackles, ,edema)
*No ,grapefruit ,
*High ,fiber ,diet ,-verapamil ,and ,diltiazem
*Good ,oral ,hygiene ,with ,the ,"Pines"
*monitor ,reflex ,tachycardia, ,ortho ,htn
Teach ,pt ,on ,Calcium ,Channel ,Blocker ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-monitor ,HR ,and ,BP ,at
,home
S&S ,of ,CHF ,exacerbation
good ,oral ,hygiene ,for ,"pines"
high ,fiber ,diet ,for ,varapamil ,and ,diltiazem ,
orthostatic ,htn-change ,positions ,slowly
Angiotensin ,Converting ,Enzyme ,Inhibitors ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-"Prils"
Captorpil, ,lisinopril, ,enalapril, ,quinipril, ,ramipril
Action ,of ,ACE ,inhibitor ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Inhibits ,the ,enzyme ,that ,converts
,angiotension ,I ,to ,angiotension ,II
No ,conversion ,= ,No ,vasoconstriction ,and ,no ,increase ,in ,BP
In ,RAAS ,bradykinin ,is ,inhibited ,(it's ,a ,vasodilator) ,with ,inhibition ,of ,RAAS ,bradykinin
,is ,available ,to ,work ,and ,contribute ,to ,the ,decrease ,of ,BP
ACE ,effects ,on ,the ,body ,system ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-decrease ,BP
decrease ,SVR
bradykinin ,available
decrease ,Na+ ,& ,H2O
increase ,K+
ACE ,inhibitor ,used ,to ,treat ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-HTN
,heart ,failure ,(systolic ,dysfunction)
Post ,MI
Nursing ,Implications ,ACE ,inhibitors ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-assess ,BP, ,and ,pulses
,regularly
Correct Answers 2025
SA ,node ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-pacemaker, ,60-100bpm,Depolarization ,R ,atria, ,p
,wave,
AV ,node ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Gatekeeper, ,intraseptal, ,Allows ,delay ,for ,blood ,so
,no ,back ,up, ,40-60 ,bpm
Bundle ,of ,His ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Intraventricular, ,40-60bpm, ,sends ,to ,purkinje
,fibers ,for ,ventricular ,depolarization
L ,and ,R ,bundle ,branches ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-20-40bpm,
Purkinje ,fibers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-20-40bpm, ,ventricular ,depolarization ,(QRS)
,complex
Preload ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-LVEDP ,determined ,by ,LVEDV
Afterload ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Vascular ,resistance
Cardiac ,output ,= ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-heart ,rate ,x ,stroke ,volume
Normal ,QRS ,complex ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-0.06-0.12 ,sec. ,(1.5-3 ,small ,boxes)
P ,wave ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-atrial ,depolarization
QRS ,complex ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-ventricular ,depolarization
T ,wave ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-ventricular ,repolarization
U ,wave ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-hypokalemia, ,depolarization ,purkinje ,fibers
A ,Fib ,on ,EKG ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-1. ,P ,waves? ,No
2. ,P ,waves ,regular? ,U/A ,to ,determine ,
3. ,R ,waves ,regular? ,No ,irregular ,
,4. ,How ,many ,R ,waves ,in ,6 ,sec? ,
5. ,PR ,interval ,length? ,No, ,no ,p ,waves
,Saw ,tooth
,No ,p ,waves ,
,R ,waves ,irregular
Stroke ,volume ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-the ,volume ,of ,blood ,pumped ,out ,by ,a ,ventricle
,with ,each ,heartbeat
Cardiac ,output ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Amount ,of ,blood ,pumped ,through ,body ,per
,min
3 ,things ,that ,affect ,stroke ,volume ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-preload, ,afterload,
,contractility
What ,increases ,vascular ,resistance ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-pHTN ,(R❤ ),
,vasoconstriction/HTN ,(L❤ ), ,aortic ,stenosis ,(L ,ventricle)
What ,can ,decrease ,afterload ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Vasodilation
Sympathomemetics/ ,adrenergic ,agonist ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Dopamine ,⬆ ,BP ,&
,CO
norepinephrine ,⬆ ,BP
epinephrine ,⬆ Bronchodilation ,
beta ,2 ,adrenergic ,agonist ,-inhaled ,for ,cold/asthma ,albuterol ,(short)
solmedrol ,(long)
Sympatholytic/ ,andrenergic ,antagonist ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Beta ,blockers ,⬇ ,HR,
,⬇ BP, ,constrict ,airway
Parasympatholytic/anticholenergic ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Airway: ,Ipratropium
,bronchodilator
HR: ,Atropine ,⬆ HR ,or ,dilate ,pupils
nonselective ,beta ,blockers
beta ,1 ,❤ ,Kidneys
beta ,2 ,lungs, ,GI, ,vascular ,muscle, ,skeletal ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-propranolol,
,timolol, ,nadolol, ,pindolol, ,carvidolol
Nursing ,implications ,non ,selective ,Beta ,blocker ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Not ,for:
,COPD, ,asthma, ,PVD
Selective ,Beta ,blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Atenolol, ,esmolol, ,metoprolol ,
beta ,1 ,found ,in ,❤ ,And ,kidneys-blocks ,RAAS
,Beta ,blockers ,treat ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-HTN, ,stable ,angina, ,dysthymia ,(SVT,
,tachy), ,compensated ,heart ,failure, ,glaucoma, ,migraines, ,tremors, ,anxiety
Monitor ,with ,beta ,blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER--Bradycardia-check ,physician
,desired ,-parameters
-EKG-heart ,block ,2nd ,and ,3rd ,degree
-watch ,for ,S&S ,❤ ,Failure ,don't ,want ,contraction ,to ,get ,too ,weak
-monitor ,BG ,masks ,⬆ HR ,of ,hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia ,
-ortho ,htn
- ,circulation ,impairment ,
-OD ,S&S ,bradycardia, ,lethargic, ,❤ ,Block, ,hypotension
Teach ,pt ,with ,beta ,blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Bradycardia
❤ ,Failure ,exacerbation
taper ,off-rebound ,htn/angina
ortho ,htn
know ,OD ,S&S
blood ,glucose ,w/non ,selective
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-blocks ,L ,type ,channels ,in:
vascular ,smooth ,muscle
cardiac ,myocytes
cardiac ,nodal ,tissue ,(SA ,& ,AV ,nodual ,tissue)
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers ,(vascular ,selective) ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-
Dihydropyridines: ,"Pines"
amlodipine, ,felodipine, ,nifedipine
Mainly ,for ,HTN ,and ,angina
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers-effects ,on ,vascular ,smooth ,muscle ,- ,CORRECT
,ANSWER-coronary ,and ,peripheral ,arteries:
Vasodilation: ,decrease ,BP, ,relax ,coronary ,arteries, ,decrease ,SVR ,= ,decrease
,afterload
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers-effects ,on ,myocytes ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-decrease
,heart ,contraction ,strength ,(- ,inrotropic ,effect)
decrease ,O2 ,demand ,
Treats ,angina-NOT ,for ,heart ,failure ,pt
Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers- ,effects ,on ,cardiac ,nodal ,tissue ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-SA
,node- ,decrease ,heart ,rate ,(neg ,chronotropic ,effect)
AV ,node- ,speed ,up ,conduction ,(positive ,dromotrophic)
treats ,arrhythmia: ,SVTs, ,Afib
Myocardial ,Selective ,Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Non-
Dihydropyridines ,
, phenlalkylamines-Verapamil
benzothiazepine- ,Diltiasem
mainly ,for ,anti-arrhythmic ,htn/angina
Misc. ,treatment ,with ,Calcium ,Channel ,Blockers ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Rhanud's
migraines
cerebral ,spasms
Nursing ,Implications ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-*monitor ,for ,bradycardia ,especially
,Verapamil ,& ,Diltiazem
*monitor ,EKG ,for ,1st ,degree ,especially ,for ,Verapamil ,& ,Diltiazem
*Never ,give ,verapamil/Diltiazem ,with ,2nd ,or ,3rd ,degree ,HB
*monitor ,S&S ,heart ,failure ,(dyspnea, ,weight ,gain, ,crackles, ,edema)
*No ,grapefruit ,
*High ,fiber ,diet ,-verapamil ,and ,diltiazem
*Good ,oral ,hygiene ,with ,the ,"Pines"
*monitor ,reflex ,tachycardia, ,ortho ,htn
Teach ,pt ,on ,Calcium ,Channel ,Blocker ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-monitor ,HR ,and ,BP ,at
,home
S&S ,of ,CHF ,exacerbation
good ,oral ,hygiene ,for ,"pines"
high ,fiber ,diet ,for ,varapamil ,and ,diltiazem ,
orthostatic ,htn-change ,positions ,slowly
Angiotensin ,Converting ,Enzyme ,Inhibitors ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-"Prils"
Captorpil, ,lisinopril, ,enalapril, ,quinipril, ,ramipril
Action ,of ,ACE ,inhibitor ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-Inhibits ,the ,enzyme ,that ,converts
,angiotension ,I ,to ,angiotension ,II
No ,conversion ,= ,No ,vasoconstriction ,and ,no ,increase ,in ,BP
In ,RAAS ,bradykinin ,is ,inhibited ,(it's ,a ,vasodilator) ,with ,inhibition ,of ,RAAS ,bradykinin
,is ,available ,to ,work ,and ,contribute ,to ,the ,decrease ,of ,BP
ACE ,effects ,on ,the ,body ,system ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-decrease ,BP
decrease ,SVR
bradykinin ,available
decrease ,Na+ ,& ,H2O
increase ,K+
ACE ,inhibitor ,used ,to ,treat ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-HTN
,heart ,failure ,(systolic ,dysfunction)
Post ,MI
Nursing ,Implications ,ACE ,inhibitors ,- ,CORRECT ,ANSWER-assess ,BP, ,and ,pulses
,regularly
