NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2
-Osis or -philia - ANS-Elevated count of blood cells
\-penia - ANS-Low count of blood cells
\4th generation immunoassay - ANS-"gold standard"
can test 10 days post exposure
can result negative, positive with HIV antibody, or positive without HIV antibody
\Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - ANS-Marked by >30% lymphoblasts in blood or
marrow
Most common in children
Survival rate decreases with age
CM: fever, pallor, bleeding, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, infection, joint pain, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly, night sweats, weight loss, anemia, thrombocytopenia, petechiae, ecchymosis
\Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) - ANS-Marked by proliferation of immature myeloid
cells, decreased apoptosis, and lack of cellular differentiation
Most common in adults
Remission is inversely related to age
CM: fever, pallor, bleeding, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, infection, joint pain, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly, night sweats, weight loss, anemia, thrombocytopenia, petechiae, ecchymosis
\Alloimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - ANS-When an individuals immune system
reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species
Blood transfusions- causes clumping and lysis of RBC- fever, nausea, chills, low back pain,
dark urine, hives, itching, SOB
Rh incompatibility- hemolytic disease of newborn with jaundice, give Rhogam within 72
hours of birth (Rh- mother with Rh+ child)
\Antiretroviral medications - ANS-Used to impede viral replication of HIV virus, come in 6
classes
1. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
3. Protease inhibitors
4. CCR5 inhibitors- inhibits binding to CCR3
5. Fusion inhibitor- inhibits fusion between HIV and cell membrane
6. Integrate inhibitor- inhibits viral integrate enzyme
\Arachidonic pathway purpose - ANS-Synthesis of prostaglandins
\ASA - ANS-Blocks COX1 and COX2, also inhibits Thromboxane A2 and prostaglandins
\Atopic disorders - ANS-Genetic Type 1 hypersensitivity, asthma, hay fever, eczema,
urticaria
\Autoimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - ANS-A breakdown of tolerance in which the
bodies immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign.
Graves Disease- autoantibodies form against thyroid cells- bind to thyroid cells and mimic
action of TSH, increases secretion of thyroxine
Myasthenia Gravis- autoantibodies against acetylcholine bind to the post synaptic receptors
and inhibit synaptic transmission of acetylcholine. Leads to muscle weakness and paralysis
(mind to ground)
, Guillain-Barre' syndrome- antibodies bind with myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous
system, triggering the immune response. Causes demyelination of the peripheral nerves and
a rapidly progressive, ascending paralysis (ground to brain)
\Basophilia- definition and causes - ANS-Increased # of basophils
From allergic reactions
\causes of thrombus - ANS-Triad of Virchow- injury to blood vessels, abnormality in blood
flow, hypercoagulability
some medications increase risks
\Chemotactic factors - ANS-Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of
inflammation
\Chronic leukemia - ANS-Gradual onset, cells appear normal but do not function
appropriately and accumulate
\Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - ANS-Malignant transformation of B-lymphocytes
Increased occurrence over 40
Survival 10yrs or longer
CM: suppression of humoral immunity, increased infections
\Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) - ANS-Presence of Philadelphia chromosome
Increased occurrence over 40
Bone marrow transplant may be curative
CM: splenomegal (most common), hepatomegaly, hyperuricemia, infection, fever, weight
loss
\clinical implications of influenza - ANS-prevention is key- vaccinate at 6+ months, annual
diagnosed by rapid swab
treat with antivirals- Tamiflu
\Clinical implications of measeles - ANS-One of most contagious infectious diseases, lasts
7-10 days
Educate parents on importance of vaccination
Immune globulin can be administered within 6 days of exposure
Can be fatal for HIV patients
Immunocompromised may have no rash
Need serologic testing per CDC
Tx is supportive- rehydration, Vit A
\clinical manifestations of influenza - ANS-fever, sore throat, myalgias, headache, nasal
discharge, weakness and severe fatigue, cough and other respiratory symptoms,
tachycardia, red, watery eyes, pharyngitis
\clinical manifestations of measles - ANS-fever >104, lasts 4-7 days, malaise, anorexia, 3c's-
conjunctivitis, cough, coryza (inflammation of mucous membrane of nose), photophobia,
periorbital edema, myalgias, Koplik spots (bluish-gray specks on red base, on buccal
mucosa), rash- begins at hairline, spreads in 48 hours
\CM of Hodgkin's Lymphoma - ANS-Large painless lump/mass- usually on neck,
eosinophilia, fever, weight loss, night sweats, pruritus, adenopathy, thrombocytosis,
leukocytosis, mediastinal or abdominal mass
\CM of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - ANS-Generalized lymphadenopathy
Late stages bring fever, night sweats, weight loss
\CMV- cytomegalovirus - ANS-herpes virus
greatest risk for CD4 <50 (ensure eye exams)
CM- fever, myalgia, cervical lymphadenopathy, mild hepatitis, retinal detachment, vision loss,
blindness
-Osis or -philia - ANS-Elevated count of blood cells
\-penia - ANS-Low count of blood cells
\4th generation immunoassay - ANS-"gold standard"
can test 10 days post exposure
can result negative, positive with HIV antibody, or positive without HIV antibody
\Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - ANS-Marked by >30% lymphoblasts in blood or
marrow
Most common in children
Survival rate decreases with age
CM: fever, pallor, bleeding, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, infection, joint pain, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly, night sweats, weight loss, anemia, thrombocytopenia, petechiae, ecchymosis
\Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) - ANS-Marked by proliferation of immature myeloid
cells, decreased apoptosis, and lack of cellular differentiation
Most common in adults
Remission is inversely related to age
CM: fever, pallor, bleeding, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, infection, joint pain, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly, night sweats, weight loss, anemia, thrombocytopenia, petechiae, ecchymosis
\Alloimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - ANS-When an individuals immune system
reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species
Blood transfusions- causes clumping and lysis of RBC- fever, nausea, chills, low back pain,
dark urine, hives, itching, SOB
Rh incompatibility- hemolytic disease of newborn with jaundice, give Rhogam within 72
hours of birth (Rh- mother with Rh+ child)
\Antiretroviral medications - ANS-Used to impede viral replication of HIV virus, come in 6
classes
1. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
3. Protease inhibitors
4. CCR5 inhibitors- inhibits binding to CCR3
5. Fusion inhibitor- inhibits fusion between HIV and cell membrane
6. Integrate inhibitor- inhibits viral integrate enzyme
\Arachidonic pathway purpose - ANS-Synthesis of prostaglandins
\ASA - ANS-Blocks COX1 and COX2, also inhibits Thromboxane A2 and prostaglandins
\Atopic disorders - ANS-Genetic Type 1 hypersensitivity, asthma, hay fever, eczema,
urticaria
\Autoimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - ANS-A breakdown of tolerance in which the
bodies immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign.
Graves Disease- autoantibodies form against thyroid cells- bind to thyroid cells and mimic
action of TSH, increases secretion of thyroxine
Myasthenia Gravis- autoantibodies against acetylcholine bind to the post synaptic receptors
and inhibit synaptic transmission of acetylcholine. Leads to muscle weakness and paralysis
(mind to ground)
, Guillain-Barre' syndrome- antibodies bind with myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous
system, triggering the immune response. Causes demyelination of the peripheral nerves and
a rapidly progressive, ascending paralysis (ground to brain)
\Basophilia- definition and causes - ANS-Increased # of basophils
From allergic reactions
\causes of thrombus - ANS-Triad of Virchow- injury to blood vessels, abnormality in blood
flow, hypercoagulability
some medications increase risks
\Chemotactic factors - ANS-Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of
inflammation
\Chronic leukemia - ANS-Gradual onset, cells appear normal but do not function
appropriately and accumulate
\Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - ANS-Malignant transformation of B-lymphocytes
Increased occurrence over 40
Survival 10yrs or longer
CM: suppression of humoral immunity, increased infections
\Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) - ANS-Presence of Philadelphia chromosome
Increased occurrence over 40
Bone marrow transplant may be curative
CM: splenomegal (most common), hepatomegaly, hyperuricemia, infection, fever, weight
loss
\clinical implications of influenza - ANS-prevention is key- vaccinate at 6+ months, annual
diagnosed by rapid swab
treat with antivirals- Tamiflu
\Clinical implications of measeles - ANS-One of most contagious infectious diseases, lasts
7-10 days
Educate parents on importance of vaccination
Immune globulin can be administered within 6 days of exposure
Can be fatal for HIV patients
Immunocompromised may have no rash
Need serologic testing per CDC
Tx is supportive- rehydration, Vit A
\clinical manifestations of influenza - ANS-fever, sore throat, myalgias, headache, nasal
discharge, weakness and severe fatigue, cough and other respiratory symptoms,
tachycardia, red, watery eyes, pharyngitis
\clinical manifestations of measles - ANS-fever >104, lasts 4-7 days, malaise, anorexia, 3c's-
conjunctivitis, cough, coryza (inflammation of mucous membrane of nose), photophobia,
periorbital edema, myalgias, Koplik spots (bluish-gray specks on red base, on buccal
mucosa), rash- begins at hairline, spreads in 48 hours
\CM of Hodgkin's Lymphoma - ANS-Large painless lump/mass- usually on neck,
eosinophilia, fever, weight loss, night sweats, pruritus, adenopathy, thrombocytosis,
leukocytosis, mediastinal or abdominal mass
\CM of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - ANS-Generalized lymphadenopathy
Late stages bring fever, night sweats, weight loss
\CMV- cytomegalovirus - ANS-herpes virus
greatest risk for CD4 <50 (ensure eye exams)
CM- fever, myalgia, cervical lymphadenopathy, mild hepatitis, retinal detachment, vision loss,
blindness
