Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) - ANS-- Fluid inside the cell
- 40% of total body water
\- K - ANS-responsible for osmotic balance of ICF space
\- Na - ANS-responsible for osmotic balance of ECF space
\-blastoma (suffix) - ANS-originates from precursor cells or blasts (immature or embryonic
tissue).
Ex: children, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma
\-oma (suffix) - ANS-Benign tumors generally named according to the tissue from which they
arise Ex:- benign tumor of fat cells is a lipoma- smooth muscle of uterus is leiomyoma
\(delayed, cell mediated); a reaction that is mediated by T-Cell Lymphocytes and does not
require antibody participation. It is a delayed reaction that occurs in 24-72 hours
post-exposure to an antigen. - ANS-What is Type IV hypersensitivity?
\(dependent on route the allergen entered the body); include urticarial, rhinitis, conjunctivitis,
and asthma - ANS-What are the clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivities?
\22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial
fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?
a. Hydrostatic pressure
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active transport - ANS-ANS: A
Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes.
In the vascular system, hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by
the contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of
25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes
into the interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process
described.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 29-30
\5 Types of Necrosis - ANS-coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, gangrenous
\A - ANS-A person with Type B blood has what antibodies?
\A antigen - ANS-A person with Type A blood has what antigen?
\A chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disease; antibodies are formed against DNA and other
nuclear components; antibody antigen complexes are deposited in a variety of tissues and
this activates complement - ANS-What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
\A pathogen which triggers the immune response - ANS-What often precipitates autoimmune
disease?
\A pathological immune response to an antigen which causes tissue and cellular damage to
the host - ANS-What is a hypersensitivity?
,\A systemic autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of connective tissues
primarily in the joints. - ANS-What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
\A type of hyperthyroidism; autoantibodies formed against thyroid cells. They bind to thyroid
cells and mimic action of TSH which causes an increase in secretion of thyroxine. -
ANS-What is Grave's disease?
\A, B, AB, O - ANS-What are the 4 blood types?
\AB - ANS-A person with Type AB blood has what antigens?
\AB - ANS-A person with Type O blood has what antibodies?
\AB positive - ANS-What blood type is considered a universal recipient?
\ABO incompatibilty and Rh incompatibility - ANS-What are some examples of Type II
hypersensitivities?
\Acid Base Balance effect on K+ - ANS-Hydrogen enters cell and is exchanged for
potassium, allowing potassium to escape during acidosis, vice versa for alkalosis, to
maintain ionic balance. H+ moves ICF and K+ moves ECF to maintain ionic balance.
\acute phase reactants - ANS--coagulation proteins
-kinin
-complement
\adeno (prefix) - ANS-arise from ductal or glandular structures
\ADH - ANS-It plays an important role in homeostasis by regulation of water, glucose and
salt in the blood. It is released when body is dehydrated; secreted by the pituitary gland in
response to a water deficit, Na excess or low BP; It causes the kidneys to reabsorb water,
thus increasing plasma volume
\Administer Rh immune globulin (Rhogam) within 72 hours of the initial birth - ANS-How do
we prevent Rh incompatibility reactions?
\Adrenergic agents effect on K+ - ANS-albuterol, beta blockers, and alpha adrenergic
antagonists cause K+ movement into the cell. Alpha adrenergic receptors shift K+ out of the
cell
\Adrenergic Agonists - ANS-Stimulants of beta 2 receptors by albuterol increase the activity
of the sodium potassium pump and shift potassium into the cell resulting in hypokalemia.
Alpha adrenergic receptors cause a shift out of the cell and may lead to hyperkalemia. Beta
2 antagonist cause shift into cell space as well.
\Aldosterone - ANS-hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex and increases renal Na
resorption and K excretion
\Allele - ANS-Paired genes on autosomal chromosomes
\Allergies to food, medication, pollen, etc. - ANS-What are most Type I hypersensitivity
reactions attributed to?
\Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) - ANS-Liver and germ cell tumors
\Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - ANS-Liver and germ cell tumors
\ALT enzymes are found where? - ANS-- liver cells (L enzyme)
\An immediate hypersensitivity response to an environmental allergen - ANS-What it Type I
hypersensitivity?
\anaplasia - ANS-absence of differentiation
\Angiogenesis: - ANS-Micrometastases stimulate the growth of new blood vessels to obtain
a blood supply. A blood supply is needed to obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for
continued tumor growth.
\Anion - ANS-Chloride
Bicarbonate
Proteins
, Phosphate
\Antibody IgE - ANS-What does the Type I hypersensitivity pathogenesis begin with?
\Antidiuretic Hormone - ANS-Secreted by the pituitary gland in response to a water deficit,
Na excess or a low BP. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb H2O thus increasing plasma
volume. With fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea or excessive sweating) a decrease in blood
volume and blood pressure occurs. Baroreceptors (located in Right and Left atria, large
veins, aorta, pulmonary arteries and carotid sinus), signal the hypothalamus to release ADH.
\Apoptosis - ANS-Cellular Effect: programmed cell death, normal process
Clinical Implications: Death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathologic states
including: Severe cell injury, Accumulation of misfolded proteins, Infections (part. viral),
Obstruction in tissue ducts
dysregulated apoptosis - excessive or insufficient apoptosis. ex: survival of mutated cells can
increase cancer risk.
Increased apoptosis is known to occur in ischemic injury (MI and stroke)- prevents cellular
proliferation resulting in a gigantic body
\Arrest and extravasation: - ANS-Cancer cells stop moving, in small blood vessels called
capillaries at a distant location. They then invade the walls of the capillaries and migrate into
the surrounding tissue
\AST enzymes are found where? - ANS-- liver cells (s)
\Atrophy - ANS-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is
an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of
cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
\Autosomal chromosomes - ANS-first 22 of 23 chromosomes
\B - ANS-A person with Type A blood has what antibodies?
\B antigen - ANS-A person with Type B blood has what antigen?
\Bactrim - ANS-treatment for PCP pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia
\Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin B-hCG origin - ANS-Germ cell tumors
\Binding of IgG and IgM to an antigen on the plasma membrane - ANS-What does Type II
Hypersensitivity pathogenesis begin with?
\Breast Ca Metastasis sites - ANS-bones, lung, brain, liver- axillary, transpectoral and
internal mammary lymph
\Ca++ bound to albumin decreases leading to an increase in ionized Ca++. - ANS-Review
the anion gap - if high, it's most likely from lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, or renal failure.
Normal anion gap (hyperchloremic acidosis) usually from diarrhea, saline administration in
large volumes, NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors, or trimethoprim.
\Calcium and Albumin - ANS-* Total fraction of calcium circulating in the blood is small (9.0
to 10.5 mg/dl)
* About 50% is bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin.
* Alkalosis causes symptoms of hypocalcemia because the change in pH enhances protein
binding of ionized calcium. * Hypoalbuminemia lowers total serum calcium levels by
decreasing the amount of bound calcium in the plasma because there is less protein
available for binding
\Calcium and Ionized Calcium - ANS-* About 40% is in the free or ionized form (5.5 to 5.6
mg/dl), which has the most important physiological functions.
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) - ANS-- Fluid inside the cell
- 40% of total body water
\- K - ANS-responsible for osmotic balance of ICF space
\- Na - ANS-responsible for osmotic balance of ECF space
\-blastoma (suffix) - ANS-originates from precursor cells or blasts (immature or embryonic
tissue).
Ex: children, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma
\-oma (suffix) - ANS-Benign tumors generally named according to the tissue from which they
arise Ex:- benign tumor of fat cells is a lipoma- smooth muscle of uterus is leiomyoma
\(delayed, cell mediated); a reaction that is mediated by T-Cell Lymphocytes and does not
require antibody participation. It is a delayed reaction that occurs in 24-72 hours
post-exposure to an antigen. - ANS-What is Type IV hypersensitivity?
\(dependent on route the allergen entered the body); include urticarial, rhinitis, conjunctivitis,
and asthma - ANS-What are the clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivities?
\22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial
fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?
a. Hydrostatic pressure
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active transport - ANS-ANS: A
Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes.
In the vascular system, hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by
the contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of
25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes
into the interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process
described.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 29-30
\5 Types of Necrosis - ANS-coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, gangrenous
\A - ANS-A person with Type B blood has what antibodies?
\A antigen - ANS-A person with Type A blood has what antigen?
\A chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disease; antibodies are formed against DNA and other
nuclear components; antibody antigen complexes are deposited in a variety of tissues and
this activates complement - ANS-What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
\A pathogen which triggers the immune response - ANS-What often precipitates autoimmune
disease?
\A pathological immune response to an antigen which causes tissue and cellular damage to
the host - ANS-What is a hypersensitivity?
,\A systemic autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of connective tissues
primarily in the joints. - ANS-What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
\A type of hyperthyroidism; autoantibodies formed against thyroid cells. They bind to thyroid
cells and mimic action of TSH which causes an increase in secretion of thyroxine. -
ANS-What is Grave's disease?
\A, B, AB, O - ANS-What are the 4 blood types?
\AB - ANS-A person with Type AB blood has what antigens?
\AB - ANS-A person with Type O blood has what antibodies?
\AB positive - ANS-What blood type is considered a universal recipient?
\ABO incompatibilty and Rh incompatibility - ANS-What are some examples of Type II
hypersensitivities?
\Acid Base Balance effect on K+ - ANS-Hydrogen enters cell and is exchanged for
potassium, allowing potassium to escape during acidosis, vice versa for alkalosis, to
maintain ionic balance. H+ moves ICF and K+ moves ECF to maintain ionic balance.
\acute phase reactants - ANS--coagulation proteins
-kinin
-complement
\adeno (prefix) - ANS-arise from ductal or glandular structures
\ADH - ANS-It plays an important role in homeostasis by regulation of water, glucose and
salt in the blood. It is released when body is dehydrated; secreted by the pituitary gland in
response to a water deficit, Na excess or low BP; It causes the kidneys to reabsorb water,
thus increasing plasma volume
\Administer Rh immune globulin (Rhogam) within 72 hours of the initial birth - ANS-How do
we prevent Rh incompatibility reactions?
\Adrenergic agents effect on K+ - ANS-albuterol, beta blockers, and alpha adrenergic
antagonists cause K+ movement into the cell. Alpha adrenergic receptors shift K+ out of the
cell
\Adrenergic Agonists - ANS-Stimulants of beta 2 receptors by albuterol increase the activity
of the sodium potassium pump and shift potassium into the cell resulting in hypokalemia.
Alpha adrenergic receptors cause a shift out of the cell and may lead to hyperkalemia. Beta
2 antagonist cause shift into cell space as well.
\Aldosterone - ANS-hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex and increases renal Na
resorption and K excretion
\Allele - ANS-Paired genes on autosomal chromosomes
\Allergies to food, medication, pollen, etc. - ANS-What are most Type I hypersensitivity
reactions attributed to?
\Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) - ANS-Liver and germ cell tumors
\Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - ANS-Liver and germ cell tumors
\ALT enzymes are found where? - ANS-- liver cells (L enzyme)
\An immediate hypersensitivity response to an environmental allergen - ANS-What it Type I
hypersensitivity?
\anaplasia - ANS-absence of differentiation
\Angiogenesis: - ANS-Micrometastases stimulate the growth of new blood vessels to obtain
a blood supply. A blood supply is needed to obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for
continued tumor growth.
\Anion - ANS-Chloride
Bicarbonate
Proteins
, Phosphate
\Antibody IgE - ANS-What does the Type I hypersensitivity pathogenesis begin with?
\Antidiuretic Hormone - ANS-Secreted by the pituitary gland in response to a water deficit,
Na excess or a low BP. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb H2O thus increasing plasma
volume. With fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea or excessive sweating) a decrease in blood
volume and blood pressure occurs. Baroreceptors (located in Right and Left atria, large
veins, aorta, pulmonary arteries and carotid sinus), signal the hypothalamus to release ADH.
\Apoptosis - ANS-Cellular Effect: programmed cell death, normal process
Clinical Implications: Death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathologic states
including: Severe cell injury, Accumulation of misfolded proteins, Infections (part. viral),
Obstruction in tissue ducts
dysregulated apoptosis - excessive or insufficient apoptosis. ex: survival of mutated cells can
increase cancer risk.
Increased apoptosis is known to occur in ischemic injury (MI and stroke)- prevents cellular
proliferation resulting in a gigantic body
\Arrest and extravasation: - ANS-Cancer cells stop moving, in small blood vessels called
capillaries at a distant location. They then invade the walls of the capillaries and migrate into
the surrounding tissue
\AST enzymes are found where? - ANS-- liver cells (s)
\Atrophy - ANS-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is
an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of
cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
\Autosomal chromosomes - ANS-first 22 of 23 chromosomes
\B - ANS-A person with Type A blood has what antibodies?
\B antigen - ANS-A person with Type B blood has what antigen?
\Bactrim - ANS-treatment for PCP pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia
\Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin B-hCG origin - ANS-Germ cell tumors
\Binding of IgG and IgM to an antigen on the plasma membrane - ANS-What does Type II
Hypersensitivity pathogenesis begin with?
\Breast Ca Metastasis sites - ANS-bones, lung, brain, liver- axillary, transpectoral and
internal mammary lymph
\Ca++ bound to albumin decreases leading to an increase in ionized Ca++. - ANS-Review
the anion gap - if high, it's most likely from lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, or renal failure.
Normal anion gap (hyperchloremic acidosis) usually from diarrhea, saline administration in
large volumes, NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors, or trimethoprim.
\Calcium and Albumin - ANS-* Total fraction of calcium circulating in the blood is small (9.0
to 10.5 mg/dl)
* About 50% is bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin.
* Alkalosis causes symptoms of hypocalcemia because the change in pH enhances protein
binding of ionized calcium. * Hypoalbuminemia lowers total serum calcium levels by
decreasing the amount of bound calcium in the plasma because there is less protein
available for binding
\Calcium and Ionized Calcium - ANS-* About 40% is in the free or ionized form (5.5 to 5.6
mg/dl), which has the most important physiological functions.
